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266 INDEX Quantifier-free, 102 Quotient (polynomial), 44 Quotient rule, 170 Radical (i.e. n-th root), 58 (of an ideal), 76 Real closed fields, 101 existential theory of, 110 Recursive representation, 35 Reduce, 239 Reduction bad, 117, 127, 143 good, 117, 127, 143 Reductum, 31 Regular Chain, 96 Remainder (polynomial), 44 Representation distributed (of polynomials), 36 expression DAG, 38 expression tree, 37 factored (of polynomials), 34 of objects, 16 candid, 17 canonical, 17 normal, 17 recursive (of polynomials), 35 Straight-Line Program, 38 Resultant, 205–207 modular calculation, 140 Ring, 23 difference, 195 differential, 169 Risch differential equation problem, 181 induction hypothesis, 182 Integration Theorem, 182 Parallel Algorithm, 194 RootOf, 59 Rule quotient, 170 Saturated ideal, 99 Series Newton, 40 Set triangular, 95 Shape basis, 91 sign variations, 221 Signed polynomial remainder sequence, 47 Sparse matrix, 65 polynomial, 31 S-polynomial, 73, 93 Square-free, 53 decomposition, 53 Stability numerical, 21 Straight-Line Program Representation, 38 Strassen’s Theorem, 229 Strategy Normal Selection, 81 Sugar, 82 Sturm –Habicht sequence, 62 sequence, 62 Subresultant algorithm, 48, 50 Sugar, 82 Sugar Selection Strategy, 82 Sylvester matrix, 205 System quasi-algebraic, 97 Systems Axiom, 231 Macsyma, 232 Maple, 234 MuPAD, 238 Reduce, 239 Tarski–Seidenberg principle, 103 Term leading, 72 Theorem Buchberger, 75 Chinese Remainder, 215 Chinese Remainder (Polynomial), 216 Risch Integration, 182
INDEX 267 Toeplitz Matrix, 65 Trager–Rothstein Algorithm, 175 transcendental, 14 Triangular set, 95 Tschirnhaus transformation, 56 Unique factorisation domain, 43 Unit, 24 Vandermonde systems, 217 Variable algebraic, 95 main, 95 Wilkinson Polynomial, 211 Zariski closure, 97 Zero-divisors, 24 Zippel Assumption, 134
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Contents 1 Introduction 13 1.1 Hist
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CONTENTS 3 4 Modular Methods 113 4.
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CONTENTS 5 A Algebraic Background 2
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List of Figures 2.1 A polynomial SL
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LIST OF FIGURES 9 List of Open Prob
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Preface This text is under active d
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Chapter 1 Introduction Computer alg
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1.1. HISTORY AND SYSTEMS 15 1.1 His
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1.2. EXPANSION AND SIMPLIFICATION 1
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1.3. ALGEBRAIC DEFINITIONS 23 which
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1.3. ALGEBRAIC DEFINITIONS 25 Propo
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1.5. SOME MAPLE 27 Definition 18 (F
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Chapter 2 Polynomials Polynomials a
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2.1. WHAT ARE POLYNOMIALS? 31 2.1.1
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2.1. WHAT ARE POLYNOMIALS? 33 MULTI
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2.1. WHAT ARE POLYNOMIALS? 35 not n
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2.1. WHAT ARE POLYNOMIALS? 37 While
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2.1. WHAT ARE POLYNOMIALS? 39 p:=x+
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2.2. RATIONAL FUNCTIONS 41 Proposit
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2.3. GREATEST COMMON DIVISORS 43 2.
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2.3. GREATEST COMMON DIVISORS 45 Le
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2.3. GREATEST COMMON DIVISORS 47 93
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2.3. GREATEST COMMON DIVISORS 49 a
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2.3. GREATEST COMMON DIVISORS 51 #
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2.4. NON-COMMUTATIVE POLYNOMIALS 53
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Chapter 3 Polynomial Equations In t
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3.1. EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE 57 S
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3.1. EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE 59 I
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3.1. EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE 61 T
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3.1. EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE 63 S
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3.2. LINEAR EQUATIONS IN SEVERAL VA
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3.3. NONLINEAR MULTIVARIATE EQUATIO
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3.5. EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES 101
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3.6. CONCLUSIONS 111 Partial Proof.
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Chapter 4 Modular Methods In chapte
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4.1. GCD IN ONE VARIABLE 115 The co
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4.1. GCD IN ONE VARIABLE 117 This l
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4.1. GCD IN ONE VARIABLE 119 be mad
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4.1. GCD IN ONE VARIABLE 121 Figure
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4.1. GCD IN ONE VARIABLE 123 Figure
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4.2. POLYNOMIALS IN TWO VARIABLES 1
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4.3. POLYNOMIALS IN SEVERAL VARIABL
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4.4. FURTHER APPLICATIONS 139 2 7 3
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4.4. FURTHER APPLICATIONS 141 i.e.
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4.5. GRÖBNER BASES 143 Observation
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4.5. GRÖBNER BASES 145 Table 4.2:
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4.5. GRÖBNER BASES 147 Figure 4.17
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Chapter 5 p-adic Methods In this ch
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5.2. MODULAR METHODS 151 nomials, b
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5.4. FROM Z P TO Z? 153 Figure 5.3:
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5.5. HENSEL LIFTING 155 polynomials
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5.5. HENSEL LIFTING 157 Figure 5.4:
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5.5. HENSEL LIFTING 159 Figure 5.7:
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5.7. UNIVARIATE FACTORING SOLVED 16
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5.8. MULTIVARIATE FACTORING 163 Ope
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Chapter 6 Algebraic Numbers and fun
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6.1. THE D5 APPROACH TO ALGEBRAIC N
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Chapter 7 Calculus Throughout this
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7.2. INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL EXPRES
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7.3. THEORY: LIOUVILLE’S THEOREM
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7.4. INTEGRATION OF LOGARITHMIC EXP
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7.5. INTEGRATION OF EXPONENTIAL EXP
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7.7. THE RISCH DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIO
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7.8. THE PARALLEL APPROACH 193 i.e.
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7.10. OTHER CALCULUS PROBLEMS 195 7
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Chapter 8 Algebra versus Analysis W
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8.2. BRANCH CUTS 199 8.2 Branch Cut
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8.2. BRANCH CUTS 201 Note that the
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8.5. INTEGRATING ‘REAL’ FUNCTIO
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Appendix A Algebraic Background A.1
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A.1. THE RESULTANT 207 Proposition
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A.2. USEFUL ESTIMATES 209 Corollary
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A.2. USEFUL ESTIMATES 211 Propositi
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A.2. USEFUL ESTIMATES 213 centring
Page 215 and 216: A.3. CHINESE REMAINDER THEOREM 215
Page 217 and 218: A.5. VANDERMONDE SYSTEMS 217 Clearl
Page 219 and 220: A.5. VANDERMONDE SYSTEMS 219 wherea
Page 221 and 222: Appendix B Excursus This appendix i
Page 223 and 224: B.2. EQUALITY OF FACTORED POLYNOMIA
Page 225 and 226: B.3. KARATSUBA’S METHOD 225 addit
Page 227 and 228: B.4. STRASSEN’S METHOD 227 answer
Page 229 and 230: B.4. STRASSEN’S METHOD 229 If the
Page 231 and 232: Appendix C Systems This appendix di
Page 233 and 234: C.2. MACSYMA 233 (1) -> a:=1 Figure
Page 235 and 236: C.3. MAPLE 235 > (x^2-1)^10/(x+1)^1
Page 237 and 238: C.3. MAPLE 237 Table C.2: Another s
Page 239 and 240: C.5. REDUCE 239 1: (x^2-1)^10/(x+1)
Page 241 and 242: Appendix D Index of Notation Notati
Page 243 and 244: Bibliography [Abb02] J.A. Abbott. S
Page 245 and 246: BIBLIOGRAPHY 245 [BCM94] [BCR98] [B
Page 247 and 248: BIBLIOGRAPHY 247 [Buc79] [Buc84] [B
Page 249 and 250: BIBLIOGRAPHY 249 [CW90] D. Coppersm
Page 251 and 252: BIBLIOGRAPHY 251 [FGT01] E. Fortuna
Page 253 and 254: BIBLIOGRAPHY 253 [Isa85] I.M. Isaac
Page 255 and 256: BIBLIOGRAPHY 255 [Loo82] R. Loos. G
Page 257 and 258: BIBLIOGRAPHY 257 [Per09] [PQR09] [P
Page 259 and 260: BIBLIOGRAPHY 259 [SS11] J. Schicho
Page 261 and 262: BIBLIOGRAPHY 261 [Zip79b] R.E. Zipp
Page 263 and 264: INDEX 263 Budan-Fourier theorem, 63
Page 265: INDEX 265 Polynomial, 186 Least com
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