Untitled

More documents

Recommendations

Info

“voluntary compensation is still far from firmly rooted in the tourism industry and amongst tourists” (Gössling et al. 2007, p. 241). In sum it is clear that the future of sustainable tourism “hinges on action from all stakeholders” (Williams and Ponsford 2009, p. 403) and there has been: a general rise throughout the world of public awareness around climate change and a growth in the number of people monitoring their carbon emissions, their ´carbon footprint`. This is likely to have some effect in inducing some people to modify their long-distance travel and leisure patterns. This could result in the rich north in some growth in domestic tourism as people are encouraged to spend their leisure time closer at home. Exotic travel may in certain social groups be increasingly seen as extravagant, wasteful and ethically inappropriate. There may come to be a shift towards the notion that a ´good tourist´ is one who flies infrequently, who travels less and who tries to seek out ´local` rather than necessarily distant destinations. Some indication of this potential shift in values is given by over 1 million hits on Google for ethical tourism`. However, within much of the world long-haul leisure travel will probably increase. This is especially so where there is a growing middle class that has previously not been able to travel to places around the world (Dennis and Urry 2009, p. 9) With the above threefold story combining a specific socio-cultural and environmental narrative, tourism has emerged as fundamentally geographical. Does it make a difference if we were to more explicitly acknowledge tourism, empirically and theoretically, as something that occurs on the Earth rather than in the social world? This we will return to in our final chapter. Summing up During the last decades there have been many changes in theorizations of the social world that we believe tourism theory needs to consider and address. In this chapter we have questioned tourism as a domain of separate spaces existing somehow apart from the rest of social life. Instead, we have demonstrated how tourism is intrinsically related to something else: technology, climate change, vacation, family and friends, policy making, culture, technology, leisure, history, society, (post)modernity, heritage, mobility, nature, travel, sustainability, everyday life, neo- 82
liberalism, exotic places, globalisation, home, politics, gender, capitalism, and most notably the Earth. Of particular interest and importance for our specific concerns here, is what we have referred to as the “material turn” that has taken place in some areas of social science. In essence this turn implies that different aspects of the material have become increasingly understood as involved in the construction of the social. In other words, it becomes difficult to uphold a clear and unambiguous distinction between the social and the material. Looking through such a lens we can then see that, for example, globalisation does not consist of “social stuff” in any pure sense. It does not merely take place in a social world that exists on its own and where humans as social subjects exchange ideas and values in and through language and social discourses. Globalisation includes, just like tourism, not only humans but also things, objects, artefacts, and whatever else of materialities there are. Thus when discussing “global networks” Urry claims that they: do not derive directly and uniquely from human intentions and actions. Humans are intricately networked with machines, texts, objects and other technologies. There are no purified social networks, only `material worlds` that involve peculiar and complex socialities with objects (Urry 2003, p. 56). For tourism theory this suggests that it needs to more explicitly include various “material objects” in understanding and explaining tourism and tourists. Thus we are also once again back to the Earth, a planet on which human travellers have imagined, discovered, explored, charted and opened up almost all of its land surface. Six and a half billion humans with itchy feet is not something that should be taken lightly. And one of the most prominent trends of the present is a rising politics of climate change which is often presented as a serious warning: [C]limate change resulting from increasing greenhouse gas emissions constitutes the world’s major threat to human life and social organization (Dennis and Urry 2009, p. 4). How this will affect future tourisms is however not easy to predict. On the one hand there are ample reasons to assume that the tourism sector will necessarily be further involved in the politics of climate change in 83
Page 2 and 3:
© Icelandic Tourism Research Centr
Page 4 and 5:
Table of Contents 1. Introduction .
Page 6 and 7:
esearch but also “education and c
Page 8 and 9:
Tourism images have had a longstand
Page 10 and 11:
gradually expanded and become more
Page 12 and 13:
Tourism - an earthly business For u
Page 14 and 15:
Image 1.3: The Island of tourism &
Page 17 and 18:
2. Image & destination The actual a
Page 19 and 20:
variety of sources could be used in
Page 21 and 22:
consequences for how she or he will
Page 23 and 24:
either the textual or the visual, a
Page 25 and 26:
Composed of numerous small encounte
Page 27 and 28:
materiality. Yet, you are able to r
Page 29 and 30:
demand it is mediated by investment
Page 31 and 32:
tourism reflects broader social and
Page 33:
signification, not the least in tou
Page 36 and 37: usiness and market to potential cus
Page 38 and 39: ound to cross traditional disciplin
Page 40 and 41: sightseeing and whatever activities
Page 42 and 43: Social science research is carried
Page 44 and 45: environment. If they had, they were
Page 46 and 47: Our argument is that it is importan
Page 48 and 49: able to cross the minds of many tho
Page 50 and 51: Eight on my list is the heritage of
Page 52 and 53: The cartography of tourism imaginat
Page 54 and 55: Images of Iceland as a tourist dest
Page 56 and 57: Whatever the specifics and forms of
Page 58 and 59: Are you dressed in the road map of
Page 60 and 61: Summing up It has often been lament
Page 62 and 63: A challenge for tourism theory and
Page 64 and 65: carved in stone, they are not given
Page 66 and 67: some of the things that signalled t
Page 68 and 69: Tourist was in fact that “we are
Page 70 and 71: globalisation gets attributed excep
Page 72 and 73: do so on the basis of its own speci
Page 74 and 75: Arguing for or against the idea of
Page 76 and 77: pushed many economies towards crisi
Page 78 and 79: Whatever new ideologies of tourism
Page 80 and 81: The IPCC Reports are based on reach
Page 82 and 83: As evidenced by the Davos Declarati
Page 84 and 85: supports the position that signific
Page 88 and 89: terms of both adaption and mitigati
Page 90 and 91: Pratt and Watts 2000, p. 840). What
Page 92 and 93: co-creator of tourist spaces” (Ek
Page 94 and 95: can researchers use photography and
Page 96 and 97: latter, in order to set the scene f
Page 98 and 99: Even though the Earth is mentioned
Page 100 and 101: [M]ost significant phenomena that t
Page 102 and 103: social science when it presents its
Page 104 and 105: They further argue that “[t]ouris
Page 106 and 107: meaning and matter. The research ag
Page 108 and 109: REFERENCES Aramberri, J. (2009). Th
Page 110 and 111: Franklin, A. (2004). Tourism as ord
Page 112 and 113: Jóhannesson, G.Þ. and Huijbens. E
Page 114 and 115: Shaw, G. and Williams, A. (2004). T
show all

Untitled

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?