Observational Constraints on The Evolution of Dust in ...

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122 Discovery of a Dusty Planetary Nebula Figure 5.3 – X-shooter spectra of OL17. Panels show the one-dimensional spectra extracted from the UV/blue (top), the visible (middle), and the near-infrared (bottom) arms. Dotted lines mark the major emission lines tabulated in Table 5.3.
Evolution of Dust in Protoplanetary Disks 123 Figure 5.4 – A zoom-in of the optical spectrum covering Hα and the [N ii] and [S ii] line doublets. The weakness of [N ii] and [S ii] relative to Hα indicate that this object is a PN and not a SNR (see § 5.4 for details). The top panel shows the two-dimensional spectrum at corresponding wavelengths (white pixels indicate large, positive pixel values). The slit height measures 12 ′′ , while the spatial extent of the resolved Hα is about 6 ′′ . 6583 Å) emission. Figure 5.4 shows a zoom of the X-shooter/VIS spectrum in the wavelength range covering Hα and the [N ii] and [S ii] doublets as labelled. It is clearly seen that the [N ii] and [S ii] lines are not detected, while Hα is very strong. Upper limits for the undetected lines were derived, yielding a flux ratio of [N ii]/Hα ∼ [S ii]/Hα ≤ 0.06 (3σ). This value is well below the value of 0.4 quoted above as the lower threshold for SNRs. Furthermore, SNRs have broad, high velocity (∆v ≥ 300 km s −1 ) emission lines, while PNe show much narrower lines. This criterion was used by Fesen & Milisavljevic (2010) to classify the Spitzer source J222557+601148, previously believed to be a young galactic SNR (Morris et al. 2006), as a PN. As it can be seen in Figure 5.5 for a selection of lines in all 3 X-shooter arms, the typical FWHM for lines seen in these data are
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Observational <str
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Promotiecommissie Promotor: Co-Prom
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Cover Artwork: Roderik Overzier
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viii Chapter 3. YSOs in the Lupus M
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x Publications 217 Acknowledgments
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2 Introduction planets may eventual
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4 Introduction Figure 1.1 - Illustr
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6 Introduction 1.3.1.1 Disk Observa
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12 Introduction responsible for dis
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18 Introduction the potential to ch
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20 Introduction Gorti, U., Dullemon
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2 Optical Characterization of a New
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Evolution of Dust in Protoplanetary
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