Making Companies Safe - what works? (CCA ... - Unite the Union

37 The Norwegian Internal Control Regulation defines ‘internal control’ as “all systematic measures that an enterprise has to
implement in order to ensure than an activity is planned, organised, carried out and maintained in accordance with
requirements in work environment legislation and regulation.” (Gaupset, 2000: 329-330).
38 Nielsen (2000).
39 That is, that safe workplaces depend on management control.
40 Frick et al. (2000: 6).
41 Nichols and Tucker (2000).
42 Nielsen (2000: 110). Emphasis added.
43 Nichols and Tucker (2000: 293). See also, Walters and Frick (2000).
44 Saksvik and Quinlan (2003: 92).
45 Cited in Wokutch and VanSandt (2000: 389).
46 Frick et al. (2000: 6-7).
47 Frick and Wren (2000: 26).
48 Nichols and Tucker (2000); Wokutch and VanSandt (2000: 374; 381-382); Lessin (1997).
49 Nichols and Tucker (2000: 307).
50 Gallagher (1997: 2). See also Krawiec (2003) who finds a similar lack of empirical support for internal compliance structures.
51 Gunningham and Johnstone (2000: 136). See also Frick et al. (2000); Frick and Wren (2000); Nichols and Tucker (2000); Saksvik
and Quinlan (2003).
52 Gunningham and Johnstone (2000: 145).
53 Gunningham and Johnstone (1999: 141).
54 Gunningham and Johnstone (1999: 43-44; 2000: 136, 137-138).
55 Discussed in Gallagher (1997: 2).
56 Nichols and Tucker (2000: 299).
57 Although not aimed specifically at health and safety management, internal compliance structures of the kind proposed by the
US Corporate Sentencing Guidelines 1991 are meant to establish internal systems of responsibility and control which ensure
corporate compliance with respect to the full range of their legal obligations. They are: “a form of internal management
control system; they specify and communicate objectives, monitor performance, and motivate employees by linking rewards
with desired behaviour” (McKendall et al., 2002: 372).
58 Krawiec (2003: 510).
59 McKendall et al. (2002: 380).
60 Gaupset (2000: 333).
61 Nichols and Tucker (2000: 292).
62 Gunningham and Johnstone (1999: 45-46).
63 Osborne and Zairi (1997).
64 Gunningham and Johnstone (1999: 46).
65 Nichols and Tucker (2000: 291).
66 The Norwegian Internal Control Regulation defines internal control as all systematic measures that an enterprise has to
implement in order to ensure that an activity is planned, organized, carried out and maintained in accordance with
requirements in work environment legislation and regulation (Gaupset, 2000: 329-330).
67 Flagstad (1995). See also Gunningham and Johnstone (1999: 76) who note that “this study is consistent with the individual
observations of inspectors themselves that while IC continues to work well for off-shore oil… for other high risk and
sophisticated industrial sectors such as chemicals, and for already successful enterprises, performance overall had so far been
disappointing”.
68 Gunningham and Johnstone (1999: 76); Gaupset (2000: 341); Lindoe and Hansen (2000: 437).
69 Gunningham and Johnstone (1999: 89; 93); Health and Safety Executive (2004).
70 Wright (1998).
71 Lindoe (1992) and Lauridsen (1995).
72 Gunningham and Johnstone (1999 and 2000).
73 Which includes a requirement to implement a SMS (Gunningham and Johnstone 1999: 72).
74 Woolfson et al. (1997); Woolfson (forthcoming). See also Scott (2004).
75 Frick et al. (2000: 9).
76 Discussed in Gunningham and Johnstone (1999: 76).
77 Gaupset (2000: 343).
78 Saksvik and Quinlan (2003: 92).
79 Beck et al. (1998); Lindoe and Hansen (2000); Walters and Frick (2000); Saksvik and Quinlan (2003).
80 Saksvik and Quinlan (2003: 91).
81 Saksvik and Quinlan (2003: 91).
82 Walters and Frick (2000).
83 Ryggvik (1998).
84 Ryggvik 1998: 27).
85 Ryggvik (1998: 20).
86 Ryggvik (1998: 16).
87 Ryggvik (1998: 27).
88 Discussed in Nichols and Tucker (2000: 291-293).
89 See for instance James and Walters (1997); James and Walters (1999: 83-105); and James and Walters (2002).
90 Nichols and Tucker (2000).
91 Gunningham and Johnstone (1999: 51).
92 Gunningham and Johnstone (2000: 144).
93 Smith and Tombs (1995).
94 Gunningham and Johnstone (1999: 94). 101