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Fig. 3. 3D-modeling of temperatures (isotherms are shown in the upper layer) and ice situation in Pevek bay at working of the floating power unit: at NW wind of 11 m/s and air temperature –28 o for different variants of the power units disposition: • deep-water part of lagoon (above) • in the region of artificial bottom deepening attaching to the bar (in the middle), • in the partition of two concurrent piers with navigable passes (below) 168
Coincidence of temperatures distribution at water scoop obtained numerically and in conditions on the site is also good: it is presented for the given reservoir in the report of VNIIG authors group in another section of our Symposium. Temperature fields and ice cover thickness shown in Fig. 2 are far from the exhausting examples of visualization possibilities of the developed software. The second example – the numerical 3D-modeling of the flow hydrodynamics and icethermal mode in coastal water area to substantiate the site of the floating power unit in Pevek bay. Fig. 3 shows the calculation results for three variants of power unit site for one of the time moments. Water freezing temperature T 0 =1,8 o C. In this case there was used the 3D model with a number of harmonics by vertical of M=4 on the diverse grid of finite volumes 99x55. Water consumption of the power unit is 20 thousand m 3 /h, temperature drop between the water scoop deepened on 4,5 m under the power unit floor and water-discharging (by its boards) is 12,4 o C, and the depth of the water area exceeded 8 m. Great volumes of circulating water leads in this case to appearing the ascending liquid flows noticeable against the background of natural sea streams and wind flows. The plane models and the models of 2,5 dimensions do not reproduce these flows because they do not take into account Archimedes force (temperature convection by the vertical). CONCLUSIONS In this work the mechanism of ice cover forming is considered in the most simple form: without taking into account shuga forming in water mass, freezing of ice fragments on the surface and mechanical influence of the wind on the forming ice. This approach allows to minimize a number of empirical parameters of the model and at the same time to get, for a number of practical tasks, quite reliable results about ice cover thickness, polynya dimensions, hydro-dynamics of the water flow under ice and temperature distribution in reservoirs and currents. 2D and 3D algorithms presented here use the approximation of the unknown by flow depth using the polynomial or, otherwise, basic functions. It allows to make up quite efficient numerical schemes to solve a great variety of practical tasks connected with the hydraulics of open flows where it is possible ice forming on the free surface: polynya dimensions modeling in tail water of hydro-nodes, calculation of reservoirs-cooler for winter conditions, forecast of ice conditions in water areas. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Recommendations on Polynya Length Calculation in Tail Water of HPS, П-28-86, VNIIG.SPb, 1986. 2. Alexandrov I.Ya., Kvon V.I., Filatova T.N., Jukovskaya O.P. Mathematical Modeling of Ice-Thermal Mode at Great Heat Loads. Meteorology and Hydrology, 1992, N-2. 3. Vasilyev O.F., Bocharov O.B., Zinovyev A.G. Mathematical Modeling of Hydro-Thermal Modes in Deep Water Reservoirs. Hydro-Technical Construction, 1991, N-7. 4. Dmitriev N.V. Forming and Melting Ice Modeling in the Freshwater Reservoir. Proceedings of CC of SD of the RAS. Numerical Modeling in the Tasks of the Atmosphere, Ocean and Environment, edition 1, 1993. 5. Mingham C.G., Causon D.M. Calculation of unsteady bore diffraction using a high resolution finite volume method. Journal of Hydraulic research, 2000, vol. 38, №1. 169
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Page 7 and 8: component (17) satisfy the uniform
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Page 21 and 22: egion of city Lensk as an example.
Page 23 and 24: The outcomes of accounts under the
Page 25 and 26: The simulation of an actual high wa
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Page 31 and 32: simplicity there were acknowledged
Page 33 and 34: e periodically clarified (ideally -
Page 35 and 36: Γ 1 1 ¦З M * Γ 4 ЈЁaЈ © D
Page 37 and 38: open-water width; t i = initial ice
Page 39 and 40: Similarly, the governing equations
Page 43 and 44: ANALYSIS TARGETS AND NON-STATIONARY
Page 45 and 46: asic spans, the base spans with sim
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Page 53 and 54: Cumulative area fraction Four Ice T
Page 57 and 58: It is known that the auto-correlati
Page 59 and 60: Fig.1. Radar ice images: R0000920 a
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application of PIV, the comparison
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OBSERVATIONS We set up five observa
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Variations of snow depth and sea-ic
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217 Fig. 5. Profiles of structure,
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characterized by columnar structure
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17th International Symposium on Ice
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same cross section in different spa
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The Ostu method confirms the thresh
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Equations and Boundary Conditions
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dispersion relation f 0 (κ) = 1/κ
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Fig. 2: (a) The behaviour of |R| in
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Schemes of ice passing through hydr
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Submerged flow Entrance drop in con
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1. Flow from the hole 2. Flowing th
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crushing in cooperation with piers
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an excellent analysis on ice jam re
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simulated water discharge, ice disc
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The ice jam release simulation last
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(1982), where temperatures 20 cm be
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255
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changes in hyporheic flow may affec
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growth processes is quite interesti
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Fig.3. Temperature variations at th
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During the snowfall and subsequent
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Fig. 7. Relation of oxygen and hydr
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the experiment seems to be shorter
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changes in sea ice concentration in
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10 Point for Point Concentrations 1
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NASA Team - Video Mean 10 67-70: NM
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There can also be cases where a sno
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FIELD TEST OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH Tes
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The ratio of elastic modulus to fle
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Shape and installation of the FICS
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conspicuous and the currents beneat
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For the Bb/BL=0.71 model, tip vorti
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are found. The pixels within this s
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Experiment Table 1. Summarized resu
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CONCLUSION From the results of thes
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The ice run in the region of the sp
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Table 2. Time to pass the distance
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Free surface drawdown above upstrea
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а) x/H 3.6 3.2 2.8 2.4 2 1.6 1.2 0
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Table. Approximate values of free s
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where I is a down gradient, B is st
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THE MEASURING SYSTEM MT Uikku is a
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Near the shore where the ice was th
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The ship had to use full power for
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of Bothnia. She got stuck in ice 5
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the position of ice edge, defined a
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As the ice cover rafts and thickens
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Fig. 5 The Clarkson wave tank We ap
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Thermometer Temperature Change with
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The wave attenuates with respect to
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REFERENCES Ackley, S.F., H.H. Shen,
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ICE CONDITIONS ON RESERVOIRS The ic
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Weakened ice Tunnel Dam Fig 1. Exam
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River ice differs in crack structur
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Fig.8. Lower ice surface Fig.9. The
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finer spatial resolution of the 85G
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Several polynyas (note that unless
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a) b) c) Fig. 4: Charts of the surf
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ubble might have to be cleared befo
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Table 2. Suggested loading window c
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tankers. If loading windows should
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pollutant propagation in tidal ice
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THE 1-D ICE JAM MODEL Model of inte
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group roughness in the Manning form
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Figure 3a corresponds to an initial
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