Session B.pdf - Clarkson University

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h i / m 3,0 2,0 1,0 0,0 comput at i on on 8 am of 27, Nov. comput at i on on 8 am of 28, Nov. comput at i on on 8 am of 29, Nov. 0 20000 x /m 40000 60000 t/h 80 60 40 20 0 measur ement comput at i on 0 20000 40000 60000 x/ m Fig. 5. Ice cover thickness variation Fig. 6. Leading edge of ice cover 860, 0 measur ement Z/m 860. 0 850. 0 840. 0 830. 0 measur ement comput at i on 0 20000 40000 60000 x/m Z/ m 850, 0 840, 0 830, 0 comput at i on 0 20000 40000 60000 x /m Fig. 7. Water level variation(8am, 28.Nov) Fig. 8. Water level variation (8am, 29.Nov) Z /m 860. 0 850. 0 840. 0 measur ement on 8 am of 26, Nov. comput at i on on 8 am of 27, Nov. comput at i on on 8 am of 28, Nov. comput at i on on 8 am of 29, Nov. 860,0 850,0 Z/m 840,0 measur ement on 8 am of 26, Nov. comput at i on on 8 am of 29, Nov. ( j uxt aposi t i on mode) comput at i on on 8 am of 29, Nov. ( hydr aul i c t hi ckeni ng) 830. 0 0 20000 40000 60000 x /m 830,0 0 20000 40000 60000 x /m Fig.9. Water level variation at different time Fig. 10. Water level variation in two modes REFERENCES Lal A. M. W. and Shen H. T.: A mathematical model for river ice processes[J], Journal of hydraulic engineering, ASCE, 117(7), 1991. Mao Zeyu, Ma Jiming , She Yuntong, Hydraulic resistance of ice-covered river, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering , No.5, 2002, 59-64.(in Chinese) Mao Zeyu, Wu Jianjiang and She Yuntong. River ice process, Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering, No.1, 2002, 153-161 (in Chinese) Wu Jianjiang, Ice processes mechanics and numerical simulation of ice jam and frazil ice evolution, Ms thesis, Tsinghua University, 2002.(in Chinese) Wang Yongtian, Numerical simulation of river ice and analysis of ice characteristics, Ph.D. theses, Tsinghua University, 1999. (in Chinese) 190
17th International Symposium on Ice Saint Petersburg, Russia, 21 - 25 June 2004 International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF SEA ICE DRAFT PRO- FILE ON OKHOTSK SEA COAST OF HOKKAIDO Shinji Kioka 1 , Yasuji Yamamoto 1 , Daisuke Honma 1 Mitsuhiro Sakikawa 2 and Shigeki Sakai 3 ABSTRACT Sea ice surveys were conducted along the Okhotsk Sea coast of Hokkaido, Japan using a bottom-mounted IPS and ADCP. We quantitatively analyzed the draft and the bottom unevenness of sea ice. The purpose was to mainly acquire inputs or boundary conditions needed to forecast the range of oil spreading under sea ice. The collected observation data (distance vs. draft) were analyzed by discrete wavelet transform and by locally stationary AR model. We suggested that the complicated sea ice draft profile or bottom unevenness that is non-Gaussian and has non-stationary characteristics could be represented using only typical normalized spectrum and variance of sea ice draft that indirectly reflects non-stationary characteristics of sea ice draft. We also found significant amplitude of bottom unevenness elevation were roughly proportional to standard deviation of sea ice draft (its ratio: 3.6), which means we could describe the bottom unevenness elevation of sea ice intuitively and visually using the standard deviation. INTRODUCTION The Okhotsk Sea coast of Hokkaido is known as the southern limit of sea ice, which forms in high-latitude waters and arrives at Hokkaido between January and March every year. When designing and constructing offshore/coastal structures, pipelines and other underwater and buried structures or winter navigation through pack ice, interaction with sea ice must be fully taken into consideration. It is also necessary to acquire information on the ice draft profile or plane unevenness of ice bottom in advance for oil spill contingency plans such as prediction of the range of oil spreading under an ice cover or recovery of oil in ice-infested waters. In particular, with the recent progress of oil and natural gas development along the Sakhalin continental shelf, transport of oil and natural gas to Japan by pipelines and vessels as well as accompanying oil spills or other accidents are expected in the future. Increased understanding of ice conditions in Okhotsk Sea coast of Hokkaido and other engineering studies concerning the above issues will therefore be 1 Port and harbor eng. division, Civil Engineering Research Institute of Hokkaido, Hiragishi 1-3-1-34, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, 062-8602, Japan 2 Hokkaido regional development bureau, N-2, W-2, Sapporo, 060-8511, Japan 3 Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550 JAPAN, N-13 W-8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan 191
Page 1 and 2: 17th International Symposium on Ice
Page 3 and 4: 3 3 2 2 n = ⎜ ⎛ n + ⎟ ⎞ ice
Page 5 and 6: of continuous calculation [13-15] o
Page 7 and 8: component (17) satisfy the uniform
Page 9 and 10: a) b) Fig. 2. 2D-numerical simulati
Page 11 and 12: Coincidence of temperatures distrib
Page 15 and 16: To represent soil-vegetation-atmosp
Page 17 and 18: altitude, because no suitable metho
Page 19 and 20: simulated. Daily Lena River runoff
Page 21 and 22: egion of city Lensk as an example.
Page 23 and 24: The outcomes of accounts under the
Page 25 and 26: The simulation of an actual high wa
Page 27 and 28: The conducted researches have allow
Page 29 and 30: of a man-caused catastrophe. A numb
Page 31 and 32: simplicity there were acknowledged
Page 33 and 34: e periodically clarified (ideally -
Page 35 and 36: Γ 1 1 ¦З M * Γ 4 ЈЁaЈ © D
Page 37 and 38: open-water width; t i = initial ice
Page 39: Similarly, the governing equations
Page 43 and 44: ANALYSIS TARGETS AND NON-STATIONARY
Page 45 and 46: asic spans, the base spans with sim
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Page 51 and 52: The refrozen lead ice is assumed to
Page 53 and 54: Cumulative area fraction Four Ice T
Page 57 and 58: It is known that the auto-correlati
Page 59 and 60: Fig.1. Radar ice images: R0000920 a
Page 61 and 62: application of PIV, the comparison
Page 63 and 64: OBSERVATIONS We set up five observa
Page 65 and 66: Variations of snow depth and sea-ic
Page 67 and 68: 217 Fig. 5. Profiles of structure,
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Page 75 and 76: The Ostu method confirms the thresh
Page 79 and 80: Equations and Boundary Conditions
Page 81 and 82: dispersion relation f 0 (κ) = 1/κ
Page 83 and 84: Fig. 2: (a) The behaviour of |R| in
Page 87 and 88: Schemes of ice passing through hydr
Page 89 and 90: Submerged flow Entrance drop in con
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1. Flow from the hole 2. Flowing th
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crushing in cooperation with piers
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an excellent analysis on ice jam re
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simulated water discharge, ice disc
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The ice jam release simulation last
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17th International Symposium on Ice
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(1982), where temperatures 20 cm be
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255
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changes in hyporheic flow may affec
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growth processes is quite interesti
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Fig.3. Temperature variations at th
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During the snowfall and subsequent
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Fig. 7. Relation of oxygen and hydr
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the experiment seems to be shorter
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changes in sea ice concentration in
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10 Point for Point Concentrations 1
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NASA Team - Video Mean 10 67-70: NM
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There can also be cases where a sno
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FIELD TEST OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH Tes
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The ratio of elastic modulus to fle
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Shape and installation of the FICS
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conspicuous and the currents beneat
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For the Bb/BL=0.71 model, tip vorti
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are found. The pixels within this s
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Experiment Table 1. Summarized resu
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CONCLUSION From the results of thes
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The ice run in the region of the sp
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Table 2. Time to pass the distance
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Free surface drawdown above upstrea
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а) x/H 3.6 3.2 2.8 2.4 2 1.6 1.2 0
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Table. Approximate values of free s
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where I is a down gradient, B is st
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THE MEASURING SYSTEM MT Uikku is a
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Near the shore where the ice was th
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The ship had to use full power for
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of Bothnia. She got stuck in ice 5
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the position of ice edge, defined a
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As the ice cover rafts and thickens
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Fig. 5 The Clarkson wave tank We ap
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Thermometer Temperature Change with
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The wave attenuates with respect to
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REFERENCES Ackley, S.F., H.H. Shen,
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ICE CONDITIONS ON RESERVOIRS The ic
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Weakened ice Tunnel Dam Fig 1. Exam
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River ice differs in crack structur
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Fig.8. Lower ice surface Fig.9. The
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finer spatial resolution of the 85G
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Several polynyas (note that unless
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a) b) c) Fig. 4: Charts of the surf
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ubble might have to be cleared befo
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Table 2. Suggested loading window c
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tankers. If loading windows should
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pollutant propagation in tidal ice
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THE 1-D ICE JAM MODEL Model of inte
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group roughness in the Manning form
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Figure 3a corresponds to an initial
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