Modern Polymer Spect..

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a -@ COWER SRHPLE ._ 2.5 Elec tric Fielrl-hiclirc.td Orieri tci tiori 43 CORXIRL HERIIHG UIRE INPRRRED BERM STEEL CORE UITH SRMPLE COHPRRTMENI CELL / TEFLOH IHSULRTION 'i GERMANIUM I , INFRARED BEAM b -. , ,,__ TEFLON JACKET Figure 2-8. Variable-temperature cell utilized for the spectroscopic characterization of the electric field-induced alignment of liquid crystals. (a) Complete assembly of the accessory. (b) Expanded ciew of the sample cell. procedure, 1000 spectra with a time resolution of 0.05 ms were processed. A further improvement of the signal-to-noise-ratio was obtained by averaging 10 spectra recorded in 0.5-nis intervals, starting with the time corresponding to the onset of applying the electric field. Thus, finally 100 spectra with a time resolution of 0.5 ms were obtained. The data collection for the whole experiment required approximately 50 minutes. Due to the increase of viscosity in the polymeric NLCP system, the reorientation times varied between minutes and seconds, depending on the experimental temperature. Thus, the conventional rapid-scan technique (Figure 2-2a) was applied to follow the orientation and relaxation dynamics of the NLCP. In order to synchronize the application of the electric field with the data collection. a common switch was used to control the voltage [53].
44 2 Srgnientcrl Mobility of Liquid Crystcr1.Y mid Lipid-Cryctallirzc <strong>Polymer</strong>.\ TRIGGER PULSE SIHEWRUE GENERATOR SPEC TROMETER ELECTRONIC CONTROL ~ - - - l f l i , b ___ SAMPLE CELL /I I Figure 2-9. Block diagram of the electronic measurement set-up. ORIENTATION PERIODICRL EVENT RELAXRTION TRIGGER PULSE (TTL) E 25 50 258 TIME/ms Figure 2-10. Time scale of the periodic event, control signal and data collection sequence for the step-scan measurements. 2.5.3 Results and Discussion 2.5.3.1 p-Cyanophenyl p-n-Hexylbenzoate (6CPB) in a Switching Experiment The FTIR polarization spectra of a prealigned 6CPB in the nematic phase are presented in Figure 2-11. The band assignment of the most prominent absorptions based on the spectral analysis of similar compounds [59, 551 is given in Table 2-1. The v(C-N) band (2230 cin-') and the two v(C=C)~~ stretching bands (1605 and 1503 cm-') are polarized along the long axis of the mesogenic group and show parallel dichroisni with All > A1 (Ail and Al are the absorbance values measured
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Modern Polymer Spectroscopy Edited
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Modern Polymer Spectroscopy Edited
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Preface For unfortunate reasons the
Page 8 and 9: However, theory and calculations yi
Page 10 and 11: Contents 1 Two-Dimensional Infrared
Page 12 and 13: Con ten t~ xi Index 5.2 Force Field
Page 14 and 15: Contributors M. Del Zoppo Dipartime
Page 16 and 17: 1 Two-Dimensional Infrared (2D IR)
Page 18 and 19: 1.2 Brick~qrorrnrl 3 . Figure 1-3.
Page 20 and 21: 1.0 , Figure 1-6. The in-phtrse and
Page 22 and 23: 1.2 Bcrckgroinizd 7 where AA (i~) i
Page 24 and 25: 1.2 Background 9 1.2.5 Two-Dimensio
Page 26 and 27: 1.3 Bnsic Properties of 20 IR Corre
Page 28 and 29: 2D IR spectrometer coupled with a d
Page 30 and 31: 1.5 Applirtrtions 15 Unlike a dispe
Page 32 and 33: \ '\ Melliyleiie 1'7- -3000 Posiliv
Page 34 and 35: 11 Amorphous Crystalline ,...." I F
Page 36 and 37: 1.5 Applications 21 / I 1430 Figure
Page 38 and 39: 1.5 Appliccitioiis 23 Methylene Fig
Page 40 and 41: 1.5 Ajqdicrrtions 25 3024 Figure 1-
Page 42 and 43: 1.5 Applicutions 27 Furthermore. th
Page 44 and 45: 1.7 Coizclirsions 29 derived in a s
Page 46 and 47: 1.9 References 31 [9] Colthup, N. B
Page 48 and 49: 2 Segmental Mobility of Liquid Crys
Page 50 and 51: SRMPLE/DETECTOR e3 ‘retardation
Page 52 and 53: 2.4 Srvuc me-Dependenr Alignment 37
Page 54 and 55: 2.5 Electric Field-Innductid Orirnt
Page 56 and 57: 2.5 Electric Field-nclticetl Orient
Page 60 and 61: 2.5 Electric Field-Itzduced Orienta
Page 62 and 63: 2.5 Electric Field-IwrElrced Orient
Page 64 and 65: 2.5 Electric Field-Im/irced Orientu
Page 66 and 67: 2.5 Electric Field-Induced Orientli
Page 68 and 69: 2.5 Electric Field-Induced Orientat
Page 70 and 71: 2.5 Electric Field-Induced Orienfat
Page 72 and 73: 2.5 Elrc tric Field-Iiidircwl Orim
Page 74 and 75: 2500 2008 I s00 WRVtNdMRtR CM-I Fig
Page 76 and 77: -3.6 Aligmient OJ' Side- Clinin Liy
Page 78 and 79: ~ polyester 2.6 Alignnient qf Side-
Page 80 and 81: I." 0.9 0.8 Figure 2-34. FTlR 0.7 p
Page 82 and 83: induced alignment of the investigat
Page 84 and 85: 2.7 Orientation oj Liquid Ci:i,stal
Page 86 and 87: 2.7 Orieritation of Liquid Ciysttrl
Page 88 and 89: 0 8 18 16 1 a W u z a m a 0 Ln m Q
Page 90 and 91: 2.7 Orientation oj Liquid Crystals
Page 92 and 93: 2.7 Orientation of Liquid Crjvtals
Page 94 and 95: 2.7 Orientatioiz of Liquid Crystals
Page 96 and 97: 2.8 Conclusions 81 strain. As A0 is
Page 98 and 99: 3. I0 Refcreiice.r 83 [I 71 Hoffina
Page 100 and 101: 2.10 References 85 [92] Wiesner, U.
Page 102 and 103: t Order/Disorder in Chain Molecules
Page 104 and 105: onds which hold atoms together thro
Page 106 and 107: 3.2 The Dyriamical Case qf Simll ar
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3.2 The Dyrinniical Case of Sinnll
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3.4 S11or.f- and Loizg-Rcrizye Vibr
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3.4 Slzort- and Loiig-Range Vibrati
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eyularity), e.g., 2. During the pol
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3.5 Towards Lnrger Molecules: From
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3.5 TOIIYW~ Laiyer Molertiles: Fvoi
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3.5 Towmu" Larger Molecules: F~om O
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1700 - CIO --- ca c 22 _- c 12 l l
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3.6 From Dynamics to Vibrational Sp
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3.6 Froin Dynaiiiics to T’ihratio
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3.7 The Case of Isotactic Polypropy
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3.7 The Cuse of Isotactic Polypvop.
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3.8 Density of Vibrational States a
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3.8 Dtvz.sit,v of L’ihrntioizal S
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3.8 Driisity of Vibratioiid StLitrs
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3 9 Mouiiiq ToIvmds Rerrlitv: From
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3.9 Moving Towards Reality: From Or
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3.9 Moving Towards Reality: Froin O
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3.10 Wlmt Do We Learn from Cnlcailc
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+ 3.11 A Very Siriiple Ccrse: Latti
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3 I1 A Yey) Siiiiple Case: LLittice
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3.11 A Vq> Siiiiplc Crrw: Luttice D
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Figure 3-22. Sample eigenvectors in
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3.12 CIS-trans Opening @the Double
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3.13 Defect Modes cis Structtrr.al
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3.13 Defect Mo&s cis Structurcil Pr
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0 3.14 Case Studies N 0 d - Y N o m
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3.14 Case Studies 147 OC 60 58 57.
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3.14 Case Studies 149 GI A V E N U
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3.14 Case Studies 15 1 correspond t
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3.14 Case Studies 153 (I10 + 200) +
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3.14 Case Studies 155 1500 1480 146
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3.14 Case Studies 157 the molecular
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17E (ir 1, R): (iii) z = 4, t = 1,
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3.16 Stnictural Znlioi~zogeneity an
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3.1 7 Fermi Resonancrs 163 stants.
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3.1 7 Femi Resorinnces 165 2 L 1 29
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lowing. The CHl-bending mode 6 [cer
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3.17 Ferini Re.sonrriire.s 169 a Fi
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3. I7 Fernii Resoiiances 17 1 terin
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3.18 Band Broadening and Confonnati
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3.18 Bmd Brourleiziriy md Cmforrnat
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3.18 Band Bvoaderiing arid Conjonna
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3.18 Band Broadening and Confornmti
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3.19 A Worked E.utinple 181 pre-mel
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3.19 A Wovh-ecl E.uanzple 183
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3.19 A Worked Example 185 19 5°C 2
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3.19 A Workrd Example 187 Figure 3-
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3.19 A Worked E.rcnniplr 189 LAM I
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3.19 A Worked E.xuniple 191 Figure
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3.19 A Worked E.vnn~yle 193 Figure
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3.19 A Worked E.vnrqde 195 009.1 00
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3.19 A Worked Example 197 existence
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3.1 9 A Worked Example 199 The soli
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3.20 References 201 very important,
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3.20 References 203 [41] M. Gussoni
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3.20 Refeeveiicrs 205 [I 171 P. Jon
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4 Vibrational Spectroscopy of Intac
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4.3 Georrietvy oj Intuct Po1vniev.r
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1'45 4.4 Geometric Chunges I?zditce
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4.4 Geometric Chmges Iiid~lrcecl bj
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4 5 Mer1iodolog.v of Raiii~11 Studi
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4.7 Poly(p-pheiq.lene) 217 with an
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4.7 Pol)~(p-pheiz~~lene) 219 ENERGY
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is worthwhile pointing out that the
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~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 801 Table 4-3
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4.7 Poly(y-phenylene) 225 Figure 4-
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Table 4-4. Observed Raman frequenci
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4.8 Other Polwieys 229 Table 4-5. T
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under various models. According to
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4. I0 Mechnriism oj Charge. Transpo
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4.12 Reftrences 235 [ 131 Kuzmany,
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4.12 References 237 [98j Matsunuma,
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5 Vibrational Spectroscopy of Polyp
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5.2 FOYCC Fields 241 such calculati
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5.2 Force Fields 243 accounts for o
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5.2 Force Fields 245 centers of the
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5.2 Force Fields 247 ture with conf
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5.3 Amide Modes 249 to the nh initi
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5.3 Ainide Modes 251 Table 5-1. Ami
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Table 5-2. Some amide modes of four
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5.3 Amidc Modes 255 Figure 5-1. Opt
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5.4 Polypeptides 257 nonhydrogen-bo
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5.4 Polvpeptida 259 Figure 5-2. Ant
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I 5.4 Polypeptides 261 )I .- + $ 80
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1226M 1222s (1 1165W 1167s (1 1120V
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135s 9 1 Ms1i 122Wbr 147 NH ob(37)
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5.4 Polypeptides 267 glycine residu
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5.4 Polypeptides 269 Raman bands in
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5.4 Polypeptides 271 Figure 5-7. St
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Frequency (cm-'1 100% b 700 500 300
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5.4 Polypptidt~s 215 Table 5-9. Obs
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~~ ~~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 5.4 Polypeptides 2
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5.4 Poliyeptides 219 Table 5-11. Co
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Table 5-12. Aniide mode frequencies
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1351 Lifson, S., Stern, P. S., J. C
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5.6 Refeverices 285 [130] Tiffany,
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Index Amide modes 249 Amorphous pol
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Step-scan FTIR spectroscopy 14,34 -
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