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49. Brunner EJ, Shipley MJ, Witte DR, Fuller JH, Marmot MG. Relation between blood glucose and coronary mortality over 33 years in the Whitehall Study. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(1): 26-31. 50. Levitan EB, Song Y, Ford ES, Liu S. Is nondiabetic hyperglycemia a risk factor for cardiovascular disease? A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(19): 2147-55. 51. Sorkin JD, Muller DC, Fleg JL, Andres R. The relation of fasting and 2-h postchallenge plasma glucose concentrations to mortality: data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging with a critical review of the literature. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(11):2626-32. 52. Will new diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus change phenotype of patients with diabetes? Reanalysis of European epidemiological data. DECODE Study Group on behalf of the European Diabetes Epidemiology Study Group. BMJ. 1998;317(7155):371-5. 53. Barrett-Connor E, Ferrara A. Isolated postchallenge hyperglycemia and the risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in older women and men. The Rancho Bernardo Study. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(8):1236-9. 54. Glucose tolerance and cardiovascular mortality: comparison of fasting and 2-hour diagnostic criteria. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(3):397-405. 55. Colagiuri S, Hussain Z, Zimmet P, Cameron A, Shaw J. Screening for type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose metabolism: the Australian experience. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(2): 367-71. 56. Jimeno MJ, Molist BN, Franch NJ, Morato GJ, Otzet G, I, Pons BP. Diagnosticando la diabetes mellitus tipo 2: en atención primaria, con la glucemia basal y la hemoglobina glucosilada es suficiente. Aten Primaria. 2004;34(5):222-8. 57. Perry RC, Shankar RR, Fineberg N, McGill J, Baron AD. HbA 1c measurement improves the detection of type 2 diabetes in high-risk individuals with nondiagnostic levels of fasting plasma glucose: the Early Diabetes Intervention Program (EDIP). Diabetes Care. 2001;24(3):<strong>46</strong>5-71. 58. Ko GT, Chan JC, Tsang LW, Cockram CS. Combined use of fasting plasma glucose and HbA 1c predicts the progression to diabetes in Chinese subjects. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(12): 1770-3. 59. Droumaguet C, Balkau B, Simon D, Caces E, Tichet J, Charles MA, et al. Use of HbA 1c in predicting progression to diabetes in French men and women: data from an Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome (DESIR). Diabetes Care. 2006;29(7):1619-25. 60. Consensus Committee. Consensus Statement on the Worldwide Standardization of the Hemoglobin A1C Measurement: The American Diabetes Association, European Association for the Study of Diabetes, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, and the International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(9):2399-400. 61. Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: recommendations and rationale. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138(3):212-4. 62. Waugh N, Scotland G, McNamee P, Gillett M, Brennan A, Goyder E, et al. Screening for type 2 diabetes: literature review and economic modelling. Health Technol Assess. 2007;11(17): 1-144. 63. Grupo de Prevención Cardiovascular del PAPPS. Recomendaciones preventivas cardiovasculares. Aten Primaria. 2007;39(Supl 3):15-26. 164 CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES IN THE NHS
64. Screening for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27 Suppl 1:S11-S14. 65. Kruijshoop M, Feskens EJM, Blaak EE, de Bruin TWA. Validation of capillary glucose measurements to detect glucose intolerance or type 2 diabetes mellitus in the general population. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2004;341(1-2):33-40. 66. Stahl M, Brandslund I, Jorgensen LG, Hyltoft PP, Borch-Johnsen K, de Fine ON. Can capillary whole blood glucose and venous plasma glucose measurements be used interchangeably in diagnosis of diabetes mellitus? Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2002;62(2):159-66. 67. Colagiuri S, Sandbaek A, Carstensen B, Christensen J, Glumer C, Lauritzen T, et al. Comparability of venous and capillary glucose measurements in blood. Diabet Med. 2003;20(11):953-6. 68. Sandbaek A, Lauritzen T, Borch-Johnsen K, Mai K, Christiansen JS. The comparison of venous plasma glucose and whole blood capillary glucose in diagnoses of Type 2 diabetes: a population-based screening study. Diabet Med. 2005;22(9):1173-7. 69. Feig DS, Palda VA, Lipscombe L. Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus to prevent vascular complications: updated recommendations from the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. CMAJ. 2005;172(2):177-80. 70. Santaguida PL, Balion C, Hunt D, Morrison K, Gerstein H, Raina P, et al. Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ ). 2005;(128):1-11. 71. Borch-Johnsen K, Colagiuri S, Balkau B, Glumer C, Carstensen B, Ramachandran A, et al. Creating a pandemic of prediabetes: the proposed new diagnostic criteria for impaired fasting glycaemia. Diabetologia. 2004;47(8):1396-402. 72. Gillies CL, Abrams KR, Lambert PC, Cooper NJ, Sutton AJ, Hsu RT, et al. Pharmacological and lifestyle interventions to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes in people with impaired glucose tolerance: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2007;334(7588):299. 73. Norris SL, Zhang X, Avenell A, Gregg E, Schmid CH, Lau J. Long-term non-pharmacological weight loss interventions for adults with prediabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(2):CD005270. 74. Van de Laar FA, Lucassen PL, Akkermans RP, Van de Lisdonk EH, De Grauw WJ. Alphaglucosidase inhibitors for people with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting blood glucose. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(4):CD005061. 75. Gerstein HC, Yusuf S, Bosch J, Pogue J, Sheridan P, Dinccag N, et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;368(9541):1096-105. 76. Beletate V, El DR, Atallah A. Zinc supplementation for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD005525. 77. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;3<strong>46</strong>(6):393-403. 78. Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Karasik A, Laakso M. Acarbose treatment and the risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: the STOP-NIDDM trial. JAMA. 2003;290(4):486-94. 79. NICE. Clinical Guideline. Management of type 2 diabetes: Management of blood glucose. London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence; 2002. CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE ON TYPE 2 DIABETES 165
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Clinical Practice Guideline on type
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A bibliographic record of this work
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Table of Contents Presentation 9 Au
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11. Diabetic foot. Assessment, prev
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Presentation Care practice is becom
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Other collaborations Rosa Rico Itur
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13. Which drug combination strategi
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Summary of recommendations Defi nit
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D CPG B B B B A daily single dose
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A B CPG Hypertense patients with DM
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Treatment for diabetic foot ulcers
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1. Introduction Effective care for
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3. Methodology Methodology. Evidenc
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4. Epidemiology and sanitary impact
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However, the quality of the assista
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5.2. Risk factors for the developme
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5.2.8. Diet and alcohol Type of die
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5.2.12. Heart failure The associati
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The ADA does not recommend it for c
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Figure 1. DM 2 diagnostic algorithm
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46 CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES IN
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6.1. Impaired Fating Glucoseucose (
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1++ An intensive intervention on li
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Different SRs (81-84) have assessed
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7.1.4. Other dietary interventions
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Exchange system This system is base
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duration and intensity). Performing
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[RR 0.75 (CI 95%: 0.60-0.93)], and
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The optimum dose in most patients i
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without heart failure. In this stud
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B B B B Metillinides can play a ro
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Recommendations B A A B B B B When
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8.2. Insulin therapy 8.2.1. Associa
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Slow-acting insulin analogues vs. N
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9. Screening and treatment of macro
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The validity and applicability of a
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The RCTs and the meta-analysis are
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1+ In primary prevention, aspirin b
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9.5.2. Pharmacological treatment of
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Recommendations B/D A B CPG Patient
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incidence was 0.3% after the first
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it is believed that microalbuminuri
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Summary of evidence 1++ In hyperten
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An SR on drugs to treat diabetic ne
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(241), the response rate to placebo
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11. Diabetic foot. Assessment, prev
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11.2.2. Peripheral arterial disease
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11.4. Other preventive measures The
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B D CPG B Diabetic foot screening m
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11.5.4. Antibiotic treatment for in
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2+ The culture has a limited value
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• Promote healthy lifestyles: die
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Page 118 and 119: 12.3. Contents and methods of an ed
Page 120 and 121: Assessment of self-management recor
Page 122 and 123: 13.4. Referral criteria to medical
Page 125 and 126: Appendices Appendix 1. Levels of Ev
Page 127 and 128: Appendix 2. DM 2 diet Estimating ca
Page 129 and 130: CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE ON TYPE
Page 141 and 142: GPL-1 Analogues Biguanides Glitazon
Page 143 and 144: Devices FLEXPEN (Novo Nordisk): OPT
Page 145 and 146: Treatment for an unconscious patien
Page 147 and 148: Appendix 6. Assessment of macro- an
Page 149 and 150: Appendix 8. Use of monofilament Mon
Page 157 and 158: Indicators of final outcomes • Nu
Page 159 and 160: Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT): I
Page 161 and 162: IGT INSIGHT Trial IV LDL LH LIFE Tr
Page 163 and 164: Bibliography 1. Estrategia en diabe
Page 165: 33. Iso H, Date C, Wakai K, Fukui M
Page 169 and 170: 97. Thomas DE, Elliott EJ, Naughton
Page 171 and 172: 129. Lincoff AM, Wolski K, Nicholls
Page 173 and 174: 157. Natarajan S, Liao Y, Cao G, Li
Page 175 and 176: 185. de GG. Low-dose aspirin and vi
Page 177 and 178: 214. Rahman M, Pressel S, Davis BR,
Page 179 and 180: 245. NZGG. Management of type 2 dia
Page 181 and 182: 279. Norris SL, Nichols PJ, Caspers
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