Recycling of Low Grade Clothing Waste - Oakdene Hollins

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© Oakdene Hollins Ltd, Salvation Army Trading Company Ltd Nonwovens Innovation & Research Institute Ltd September 2006 one atmosphere of pressure can be applied to the laminate to consolidate it 67 . The resin may be injected into the mould under pressure to improve flow characteristics. The resin system used was Class 2 fire retardant polyester that was unfilled, using 2% of catalyst acetylacetone peroxide (AAP). The resin injection pressure was 1.0 bar and a vacuum pressure of 0.5bar was employed. As a control, two layers of CSM were infused using the same resin system, which is a typical lay up in the GRP composites industry. All the samples were compared to these in terms of ease of infusion, appearance and flexural stress. The three‐point flexural stress was measured using a modified version of EN ISO 14125:1998, using a span of 75mm, the results can be seen in Table 24. Table 24: Flexural Stress at break for composite panels Sample Load N Deflection mm Thickness mm Width mm Span mm Flexural stress MPa CSM 142 10.9 2.67 16.2 75 138.33 Sample 1 66.5 7.8 3.06 16.1 75 49.63 Sample 2 89.1 11.08 3.22 16.2 75 59.68 Sample 3 190 11.77 2.63 16.3 75 189.59 Sample 4 176 11.47 2.52 16.2 75 192.46 Sample 1 filled slower compared to the CSM sample, possibly owing to the compression resistance of the fabric. The saturation levels appear to be good and the surface finish was average compared to the CSM standard sample; linear imperfections could be seen coinciding with the structuring points of the fabric. The flexural stress was low compared with the CSM panel, less than 38% of the CSM panel. Sample 2 had problems filling the reinforcement resulting in a large surface ‘bubble’ into which no resin flowed, which can be clearly seen in Figure 25. This created a large ‘dry spot’ which is unacceptable for composite applications. This may be a manufacturing fault or be caused by a variation in weight. The surface finish on the surrounding areas appeared to be poor compared to the CSM sample; linear bands of imperfection were noted corresponding to the bonded areas of the reinforcing fabric. A sample of the filled surrounding area was tested for flexural stress and found to be marginally better than Sample 1 but over 50% of the CSM panel. For Defra Page 110
© Oakdene Hollins Ltd, Salvation Army Trading Company Ltd Nonwovens Innovation & Research Institute Ltd September 2006 Sample 3 filled quickly in comparison to the CSM fabric, the flow channels appeared to have an influence. The surface finish was relatively poor, certainly worse than the CSM panel, as there were a number of drier areas where resin had not infused completely corresponding to the discreet areas where large pieces of recycled fibre were present. Where resin has infused fully the surface finish was comparable to the CSM plaque. It is possible that there is not enough recycled fibre in the reinforcement resulting in some areas being too resin rich and air not being removed efficiently. The flexural properties were very good, superior to the 100% glass reinforcement, possibly owing to the two layers glass fibres being kept slightly apart, locating the glass at the surfaces of the composite. Figure 25: Sample 2, Composite Panel with Resin Starved Area (a) Top surface (b) Underside surface Sample 4 showed similar characteristics to Sample 3 although the surface finish was slightly improved. The flexural stress was the highest of all the samples. Figure 26 exhibits the surface imperfections observed in Samples 3 and 4. For Defra Page 111
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Recycling of Low Grade Clothing Waste - Oakdene Hollins

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