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34 ducers of pro-inflammatory cytokines and TGF-beta1 in allergic children. In contrast, they do not trigger pro-allergic cytokines produced by type 2 helper cells. It is believed that probiotics exert the beneficial effects in allergic patients by regulation of Th1/Th2 cytokine profile. Allergic diseases are characterized by expression of a type 2 cytokine profile. Indeed, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and IL-9 are involved in the initiation and maintenance of the allergic reactions [11]. Thus, probiotic bacteria resulting in reduction of Th2 cytokines release and enhance of Th1 cytokine production can exert beneficial effects in allergic patients. The presented probiotic strains activated IL-12, TNFalpha and IFN-gamma production in higher amounts than known polyclonal activator PHA. Simultaneously IL-5 secretion was not detected. Our results correlate with studies performed with known probiotic strains. Pochard et al. [12] showed that Lactobacillus bacteria including L. rhamnosus GG inhibited production of IL-4 and IL-5 in blood mononuclear cells isolated from allergic patients, and this effect was dependent on enhanced production of IL-12 and IFN-gamma. Among the soluble factors that influence the Th1/Th2 balance, IL-12 is a key cytokine responsible for initiating and maintaining IFN-gamma-producing Th1 cells. A wide diversity of microbial components trigger this cytokine by reactions with pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLR), which in human are widely expressed in gut epithelium, intestinal dendritic cells, lymphocytes [14]. On the other hand, it is necessary to stress that continuous activation of immune response with the production of inflammatory cytokine could be devastating to the host. Therefore, probiotic strains should control and prevent an inappropriate and dangerous activation of inflammatory cascades and should augment development of tolerance towards allergens. We demonstrated that our selected probiotic strains induced production of TGF-beta1 and in lower amounts IL-10, i.e. the regulatory cytokine playing role in maintaining the balance between Th1/Th2 responses and in induction of oral tolerance [9]. TGF-beta blocks the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells via inhibition of the transcriptional factors required for expression of INF-gamma and IL-4. IL-10 can also inhibit both IL-12 synthesis and Th1 differentiation, but in some mouse model IL-10 produced by lung dendritic cells appeared to be critical for Th2 responses to inhaled antigens [2]. Concluding our study showed that novel probiotic Lactobacillus casei and paracasei strains can affect the immune system by induction of both regulatory and proinflammatory cytokine production and by inhibition of pro-allergic cytokine profile. Acknowledgment This study is supported by the State Committee for Research (project 2P05E 067 26) and Institute Danone. References 1. Ceregra A, Kozakova H, Czarnowska E, at al (2005) Effect of gastrointestinal application of probiotic Lactobacillus casei/paracasei strains on bacteria translocation and cytokine production. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 43(Supl 1):28 2. Constant SL, Brogdon JL, Piggott DADA, Herrick CA, Visintin I, Ruddle NH, Bottomly K (2002) resident lung antigen-presenting cells have the capacity to promote Th2 cell differentiation in situ. J Clin Invest 110:1441–1448 3. Cukrowska B (2002) The role of the intestinal microflora in the development of allergies: the modulation of the immune system by probiotics. Ann Diag Paediatr Pathol 6:89–96 4. Cukrowska B, Piontek E, Najberg E, et al (2005) The effect of new probiotic Lactobacillus casei and casei/paracasei strains on gut ecosystem and clinical symptoms of children with atopic dermatitis. Allegy Clin Immunol Intern (Supl 1):1645 5. Isolauri E (2001) Probiotics in human disease. Am J Clin Nutr 73:1142S–1146S 6. Isolauri E, Matikainen S, Vuopio-Varkila J, et al (2000) Probiotics in the management of atopic eczema. Clin Exp Allergy, 2000, 30, 1604–1610 7. Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, Arvilommi H, Koro P, Koskinen P, Isolauri E (2001) Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a randomized placebo- -controlled trial. Lancet 357:1076–1079 8. Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, Poussa T, Arvilommi H, Isolauri R (2003) Probiotics and prevention of atopic disease: 4-year follow-up of a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 361: 1869–1871 9. Levings MK, Bacchetta R, Schultz U, Roncarolo MG (2002) The role of Il-10 and TGF-beta in the differentiation and effecto function of T egulatory cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 129:263–276 10. Lodinova-Zadnikova R, Cukrowska B, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H (2003) Oral administration of probiotic Escherichia coli after birth reduces frequency of allergies and repeated infections later in life (after 10 and 20 years). In Arch Allergy Immunol 131: 209-211 11. Novak N, Bieber T, Leung DYM (2003) Immune mechanisms leading to atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 112:S128–139 12. Pochard P, Gosset P, Grangette C, et al (2002) Lactic acid bacteria inhibit TH2 cytokine production by mononuclear cells from allergic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 32:563–570 13. Pohjavuori E, Viljanen M, Korpela R (2004) Lactobacillus GG effect in increasing IFN-gamma production in infants with cow’s milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 114:131–136 14. Rakoff-Nahoum S, Paglino J, Eslami- -Varzaneh F, Edberg S, Medzhitov R (2004) Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis. Cell 118:229–241 15. Rosenfeld V, Benfeldt E, Nielsen SD, et al (2003) Effects of probiotic Lactobacillus strains in children with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 111:389–395
16. Salama M, Sandine W, Giovannoni S (1991) Development and application of oligonucleotide probes for identification of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris. Appl Environ Microbiol 57(5): 1313–1318 17. Tailliez P, Tremblay J, Ehrlich SD, Chopin A (1998) Molecular diversity and relationship with in Lactococcus lactis, as revealed by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). System Appl Microbiol 21:530–538 18. Tlaskalova-Hogenova H, Stepankova R, Hudcovic T, et al (2004) Commensal bacteria (normal mikroflora), mucosal immunity and chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Immunol Lett 93:97–10 19. Viljanen M, Savilahti E, Haahtela T, et al (2005) Probiotics in the treatment of atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome in infants: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Allergy 60:494–500 35 20. Westen S, Halbert A, Richmond P, Prescott SL (2005) Effects of probiotics on atopic dermatitis: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Dis Child 90:892–897 21. Wold AE (1998) The hygiene hypothesis revised: is the rising frequency of allergy due to changes in intestinal flora Allergy 53(Supl):20–25
Page 1 and 2: This issue includes the proceedings
Page 3 and 4: Annals of Diagnostic Paediatric Pat
Page 9 and 10: 9 Table 1 Nongastrointestinal sympt
Page 11 and 12: 11 Screening tests Screening tests
Page 15: 15 Discussion Fig. 3 PAN - Stage A
Page 18 and 19: 18 Introduction Primary malignant l
Page 20 and 21: 20 Table 6 Microscopic radicality a
Page 22 and 23: 22 are in agreement with the result
Page 24 and 25: 24 Introduction Recto-cutaneous or
Page 26 and 27: 26 Table 3 Incidence of different t
Page 28 and 29: 28 value of MARP between manometric
Page 33: 33 Fig. 2 The level of pro-allergic
Page 38 and 39: 38 Patients, material and methods T
Page 40 and 41: 40 A D B C Fig. 1 Demonstration of
Page 42 and 43: 42 12. Raweily E, Gibson A, Burt A
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Page 50 and 51: 50 10 CZERWCA (sobota) 7.30 - 8.30
Page 52 and 53: 52 Leczenie operacyjne guzów chrom
Page 54 and 55: 54 Paediatric differentiated thyroi

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