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10 RGS-IBG Polar Expeditions Manual Arctic where natural life can flourish. For instance, Barrow in Alaska has an approximate annual mean temperature range from –10°C to +20°C while Ellsworth in coastal Antarctica has –30°C to –6°C, and the South Pole –60°C to –28°C. The occasional ice-free oases in Antarctica have much higher summer temperatures than the rest of the continent. The air circulation pattern in the Arctic, especially the course of the stormy Ferrel Westerlies, is irregular and determined by the surrounding land masses. Surface Lows pass over the barriers of elevated land, such as the Greenland plateau, in modified conditions, or are deflected by them but in general the sub-polar regions in both hemispheres are stormy. The spring warming in the Arctic, especially the western part, is earlier than in the Antarctic and is caused by solar conditions over areas possibly as distant as the Himalayas. Moisture conditions vary with distance from the warmer oceans. Although, as mentioned above, high polar regions tend to be deserts, whilst in summer the lowerlatitude Arctic can be moist and, with higher temperatures supports vegetation, animal and human life. Human activity or animal life on land in the whole Antarctic zone is only possible under artificial conditions and only the ocean supports what natural life there is. Further Reading: See also the list of useful resources in the Appendices. BRUEMMER F. (1985) The Arctic World. Sierra Club, San Francisco: 256pp. ISBN 087156842X. CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (1978) Polar Regions Atlas CHATURVEDI, S. (1996) The Polar Regions: A Political Geography. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester: 306pp. ISBN 0471948985. HYDROGRAPHER OF THE NAVY (1985) Arctic Pilot (7th Edition). This publication comes in several volumes covering various parts of the Arctic and provides general weather/sea ice information along with weather data for a number of high latitude localities. HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE (1974) Antarctic Pilot (4th Edition). Hydrographic Office, London. 336pp. A single volume publication which as with Arctic Pilot provides general sea ice/weather conditions as well as met data for various locations around Antarctica. Iceland, Greenland & the Faroe Islands. 4th Edition Graeme Cornwallis and Deanna Swaney . Published May 2001. ISBN: 0864426860 LONELY PLANET GUIDES www.lonelyplanet.com Antarctica. 2nd Edition . Jeff Rubin . Published September 2000 Arctic . 1st Edition. Deanna Swaney. Published November 1999 Hiking in Alaska. 2nd Edition. Jim DuFresne . Published January 2001 LOPEZ, B. (1986) Arctic Dreams: imagination and desire in a northern landscape. Collier Macmillan, Toronto. ISBN 0684185784. Celebrated meditation on Arctic travels. PIELOU, E.C. (1994) A Naturalist’s Guide to the Arctic. University of Chicago Press, Chicago: 327pp. ISBN 0 226 668142. A beautifully illustrated treat which goes beyond flora and fauna to encompass climate, geomorphology and snow and ice. READERS DIGEST (1985) Antarctica – The Frozen Continent. ISBN: 0 949819 64 6. A revised edition of this excellent publication came out in 2000 SALE, Richard (2002) To the ends of the earth, the history of polar exploration. Harper Collins, London STONEHOUSE, B. (1990) North Pole, South Pole – a guide to the ecology and resources of the Arctic and Antarctic. Prion, London: ISBN 007510677.
The Polar Environment 11 UK MET OFFICE Publication 617 (1958) Tables of temperature, relative humidity and precipitation for the world. (See also UK Met Office Publication 856 (1980)). These excellent reference sources, sadly now out of print are divided up into various volumes. They may be found in large public libraries in major cities such as Cambridge, Oxford and London. Part 1 includes Alaska, Canada and Greenland. Part 2 includes Antarctica. Part 3 includes Iceland, Svalbard, Scandinavia and western Russia (including the Ural Mountains). Part 4 includes eastern Russia (east of Ural Mountains to the Bering Sea). WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANISATION. Climatological norms for the period 1961–1990 (WMO/OMM No. 847). This publication, a poor second for polar weather statistics, now supercedes UK Met Office Publications 856 and 617 WORLD SURVEY OF CLIMATOLOGY Volume 14 Climates of the Polar Regions. ISBN 0444408282. YOUNG, S.B. (1994) To the Arctic: an introduction to the Far Northern World. John Wiley and Sons, New York: 354pp. ISBN 0471078891. Weather data Websites Websites offering access to basic weather data on a daily basis, including some polar localities: • www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/weather/world.htm Daily weather details from around the world; • www.wunderground.com/ Daily weather details from around the world; • www.msc-smc.ec.gc.ca/index.html Weather reports for northern Canada. • http://science.nasa.gov/ NASA, Ozone details • http://theyr.com/cg/cny/NA World Weather, Surface and upper air forecasts. Used by pilots • www.ecmwf.int European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Links to national weather centres • www.metoffice.gov.uk UK Meteorological Office, Useful surface weather charts + links to other bureaux • www.natice.noaa.gov/home.htm National Ice Center, USA, Sea ice and Iceberg charts and data. Current and historical data Journals and newsletters Antarctic, published quarterly by The Journal of the New Zealand Antarctic Society. It is an informative and interesting update on all Antarctic news. Contact: the Antarctic Society, PO Box 404, Christchurch 8015, New Zealand. Tel: +64 03 377 3173; fax: +64 03 365 2252; email: antarctic.soc@cyberexpress.co.nz Polarboken (ISSN 0-382 7620) – a Norwegian text publication with good coverage of polar expedition news. Polarboken is issued once a year in Oslo. Polar Record published quarterly by the Scott Polar Research Institute.
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Page 3 and 4: 6. NAVIGATION......................
Page 5 and 6: INTRODUCTION TO THIS EDITION This m
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Navigation 61 Along with your sexta
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6.10 Marking of routes Navigation 6
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Websites: o Zeiss Yachtmaster Navig
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Communications 67 sizes that are hi
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7.4.2 Distress systems i) Emergency
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Communications 71 The selection of
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Communications 73 Avoid getting fue
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Chapter 8: SAFETY Safety 75 This ch
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Safety 77 For further information s
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Safety 79 There are a number of ani
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Safety 81 8.7.7 Midges and mosquito
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Chapter 9: POLAR MEDICINE Polar Med
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Polar Medicine 85 9.2.2 Food Food i
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Polar Medicine 87 Rescuers must be
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Polar Medicine 89 to undertake a sm
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Photography under Polar Conditions
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10.6.2 Film instructions Photograph
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Appendices 99 (0)1539 737757; fax:
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Appendices 101 HERBERT, W. (1969) A
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Appendices 103 BELETSKY, L & PAULSO
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Contacts Canada Appendices 105 Cana
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IV. Greenland (and Iceland) Appendi
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Appendices 109 Flugfelag Islands/Ai
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V. Svalbard (Norway) Appendices 111
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Appendices 113 TILMAN, W. H. (1987)
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Appendices 115 OUSLAND, B. (1994) A
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Permissions Appendices 117 Under th
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Appendices 119 SALE, Richard (2002)
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