Edited by Rachel Duncan 4th Edition ISBN 0-907649-91-2 London ...

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96 RGS-IBG Polar Expeditions Manual tight-fitting case, the condensation will form on the outside of the case. Allow the camera to reach room temperature before you remove it from the case. Better still, leave it outside. If condensation forms on your camera, you can let it air-dry, or you can place it in a covered container with some activated silica gel. When you are outdoors, do not clean lenses and viewfinder by breathing on them. The moisture from your breath will freeze on the lenses and viewfinder and he quite difficult to remove. Use a camel's-hair brush or lens-cleaning tissue to clean lenses and view-finders. If you drop a camera into the snow, pick it up and shake it to remove the snow or brush it off. Don’t try to blow the snow from the camera, because your breath will freeze on it. 10.5 Pictorial effects We recommend using back or side-lighting for the best pictorial effects when you photograph snow scenes. This lighting gives a feeling of depth by capturing the sparkle of sunlight striking individual snow granules. You can enhance the beauty of some snow scenes you photograph in black and white by using a light-or medium-yellow filter. This darkens sky tones and increases overall contrast by absorbing some of the blue skylight that illuminates blue shadow areas. Using red filter over the lens exaggerates the contrast of sparkling white snow and its grey shadow tones against an almost black sky for special effects. Colour films can capture the best pictorial results. Photographs taken during the period one hour after sunrise to one hour before sunset will give excellent colour rendering. Shades of yellow, orange, and red will predominate in scenes photographed early or late in the day, including sunrises and sunsets. You seldom need to use filters with daylight colour films unless you want to produce special colour effects. You can use a haze (skylight) filter to reduce excessive bluishness. This filter will also protect the camera lens. Try using polarising filters to create special effects and to darken the tone of blue skies in colour photographs without affecting the colour rendition of the other subjects. The darkening effect is greatest when you photograph subjects under a clear sky with the sun at a right angle to the lens axis. Experiment with the filter to obtain the effect you want. Always use a lens hood to avoid flare from the sun and the snow. 10.6 Exposure 10.6.1 Meter readings Make exposure readings frequently, even though the lighting conditions and subject matter don’t appear to change much. The meter will indicate only half, or even a quarter, of the actual exposure you should use. Exposure meters are fooled by snow because they are calibrated for the usual proportion and darkness of shadows, which do not occur in snow scenes. The best procedure is to take the meter reading from a grey card. Use a lens opening ½ a stop larger than the meter indicates as a basic setting for a front-lighted scene; then apply the adjustments listed in table below. Under overcast conditions, the meter reading from the grey card can be used directly for subjects of average reflectance.
10.6.2 Film instructions Photography under Polar Conditions 97 Use the suggested exposures given in the instructions for your film to photograph snow under bright sunlight. In higher latitudes, the angle of the sun is an important consideration. If the sun is lower than 30°, increase exposure by ½ to 1 stop. Snow is a good reflector for the shadow side of subjects that are side- or backlighted. This effect reduces the need for changing your exposure when the lighting direction changes. 10.6.3 Bracketing If you are using slide film, take additional photos of each scene giving ½ to 1 stop more, and ½ to 1 stop less exposure than your meter indicates. This is called bracketing. Because negative films have much greater exposure latitude than slide films, you normally don’t have to bracket them. You can get an acceptable print from a negative overexposed up to 3 stops or underexposed up to 2 stops. If the meter seems to be malfunctioning, expand the bracket range up to 2 or even 3 stops. 10.6.4 Exposure corrections for bright sun on snow Adjustments from normal readings Lighting source: Front Side Back Scenics 1 stop less 1 stop less 1 stop less Medium distance, people Close-ups of people 1 stop less 1 stop less None None ½ stop more 1 stop more (Data courtesy of Eastman Kodak Co.)
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Edited by Rachel Duncan 4th Edition
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6. NAVIGATION......................
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INTRODUCTION TO THIS EDITION This m
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The Polar Environment 7 except for
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1.3.4 Precipitation Figure 1: Wind
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The Polar Environment 11 UK MET OFF
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Planning 13 you will probably enjoy
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Planning 15 up and identifying any
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• Litter search completed before
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Campcraft, Equipment and Clothing 1
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3.5.5 Head and face Campcraft, Equi
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**Misc distress beacon altimeter wa
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Sportsnett Norge AS PO box 5914 Maj
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4.2 Nutrition Food and Cooking 33 T
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Food and Cooking 35 proposed, then
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Food and Cooking 37 When melting sn
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Polar Food Suppliers: Food and Cook
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Transport and Travel 41 and from Ne
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5.2.3 Landing sites Transport and T
Page 45 and 46: Transport and Travel 45 If it is no
Page 47 and 48: Transport and Travel 47 are a relat
Page 49 and 50: Transport and Travel 49 the correct
Page 51 and 52: Transport and Travel 51 those ‘ba
Page 53 and 54: Morale Manoeuvrability Transport an
Page 55 and 56: Transport and Travel 55 • Packing
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Page 59 and 60: 6.2 Compasses Navigation 59 There a
Page 61 and 62: Navigation 61 Along with your sexta
Page 63 and 64: 6.10 Marking of routes Navigation 6
Page 65 and 66: Websites: o Zeiss Yachtmaster Navig
Page 67 and 68: Communications 67 sizes that are hi
Page 69 and 70: 7.4.2 Distress systems i) Emergency
Page 71 and 72: Communications 71 The selection of
Page 73 and 74: Communications 73 Avoid getting fue
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 8: SAFETY Safety 75 This ch
Page 77 and 78: Safety 77 For further information s
Page 79 and 80: Safety 79 There are a number of ani
Page 81 and 82: Safety 81 8.7.7 Midges and mosquito
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 9: POLAR MEDICINE Polar Med
Page 85 and 86: Polar Medicine 85 9.2.2 Food Food i
Page 87 and 88: Polar Medicine 87 Rescuers must be
Page 89 and 90: Polar Medicine 89 to undertake a sm
Page 91 and 92: Photography under Polar Conditions
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Page 99 and 100: Appendices 99 (0)1539 737757; fax:
Page 101 and 102: Appendices 101 HERBERT, W. (1969) A
Page 103 and 104: Appendices 103 BELETSKY, L & PAULSO
Page 105 and 106: Contacts Canada Appendices 105 Cana
Page 107 and 108: IV. Greenland (and Iceland) Appendi
Page 109 and 110: Appendices 109 Flugfelag Islands/Ai
Page 111 and 112: V. Svalbard (Norway) Appendices 111
Page 113 and 114: Appendices 113 TILMAN, W. H. (1987)
Page 115 and 116: Appendices 115 OUSLAND, B. (1994) A
Page 117 and 118: Permissions Appendices 117 Under th
Page 119 and 120: Appendices 119 SALE, Richard (2002)
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Edited by Rachel Duncan 4th Edition ISBN 0-907649-91-2 London ...

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