OTTOMAN CORSAIRS IN THE WESTERN ... - Bilkent University

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<strong>IN</strong>TRODUCTION The Rise of a New World Power: The Habsburgs 1 “Bella gerant alii, tu felix austria nube” The Ottoman Empire had already reached to the status of a world power in the sixteenth century when a new dynasty in the West rose to prominence. Having been founded in the marches of North-western Anatolia, Ottomans had succeeded in a gradual but steady expansion. In the first half of the fourteenth century, they had already succeeded to consolidate their position in the Bithynia region, southern part of the Marmara Sea to the detriment of the Byzantine Empire. In the second half of the same century, Ottoman forces were in Europe. In a short period of time, the power of this small principality grew ostensibly to the extent that by the end of the century, they were the most powerful state both in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor. Despite a set-back caused by the defeat of 1402 against the army of Timur (r. 1370-1405), their expansion could not be contained. Ambitious and young Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II (r. 1451-1481) would conquer the capital of the Roman Empire in 1453. Even though the expansion was halted during the reign of Bayezid II (r. 1481-1512), his intrepid son Yavuz Sultân Selim (r. 1512-1520) would succeed in conquering the entire Eastern Anatolia and Fertile Crescent with one coup.
Sixteenth century Europe witnessed the rise of a new dynasty in Western Europe. It is hard to speculate the peculiarities of this power which had been enhanced gradually thanks to a combination of diplomatically arranged inter-dynastical marriages. The Habsburg Dynasty had already been holding the title of “Holy Roman Emperor” for three generations when Maximilian I (r. 1493-1519) died in 1519. The first of the Habsburg Emperors was the puny Rudolf I (r. 1273-1291) who was elected due to its feebleness, since it was calculated that he would not try to impose the central authority on the princes of the empire whose loose structure allows for autonomous local political bodies. There would be other Habsburg dukes who were elevated to the imperial throne: Rudolf III (r. 1306-7), Albert I (r. 1298-1308) and Frederick I (r. 1325-1330). Habsburgs had further consolidated their situation in the empire when Albert II (r. 1438-1439) was crowned emperor. From that day forward, Habsburgs succeeded to create a line of succession in the imperial office. Albert’s son Frederick III (r. 1440-1493) and grandson Maximilian I would also inherit the throne. The power of the Habsburgs was not actually relying on the Empire in the sixteenth century. On the contrary, it may be assumed that the problems that the empire was facing presented a distraction for the family in their foreign policy. The gradual expansion of Habsburg family was due to a clever diplomacy of alliances based on royal marriages. Maximilian I, at the time of his father’s emperorship, was married with the most promising bride of Europe: The heiress of the Duchy of Burgundy, Mary of Burgundy (r. 1477-1482). The duchy was the strongest and richest in all duchies of Europe. Once a kingdom, Burgundian dominions were divided between the West Carolingian and the 2
Page 1: OTTOMAN CORSAIRS IN THE WESTERN MED
Page 4 and 5: I certify that I have read this the
Page 6 and 7: Western Mediterranean and of the Ca
Page 8 and 9: hükümdarının bu artan öneme g
Page 10 and 11: they should be hailed as well. I al
Page 12 and 13: 2.5 Redefined Foreign Policies…
Page 16 and 17: East Carolingian kingdoms. It would
Page 18 and 19: Habsburg axis; however, their son J
Page 20 and 21: The imperial crown was theoreticall
Page 22 and 23: unit succeeded to preserve its auto
Page 24 and 25: Christianity, his personal ardour f
Page 26 and 27: though lesser in number, Portugal w
Page 28 and 29: camps and the struggle was mostly c
Page 30 and 31: etween the two most powerful Cathol
Page 32 and 33: since”. 33 That was the reason wh
Page 34 and 35: crowns; a goal which could not be r
Page 36 and 37: when Charles VIII was planning a cr
Page 38 and 39: Muslim population, these efforts wo
Page 40 and 41: that of the landlords who were defe
Page 42 and 43: people and the extreme deeds had pr
Page 44 and 45: on the battlefield. Moreover, the e
Page 46 and 47: streams. Finally mountains rise ste
Page 48 and 49: In North Africa, Spanish operations
Page 50 and 51: etween the Genoese corsairs and the
Page 52 and 53: Surprisingly enough, the expedition
Page 54 and 55: Pedro Navarro, now the sole command
Page 56 and 57: north and Aragonese in the south. B
Page 58 and 59: the imperial crown in the Ottoman E
Page 60 and 61: Soucek added to this theory is the
Page 62 and 63: hand, the inner castle resisted. Wh
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Therefore, corsairs appear as the h
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the range of the Spanish artillery
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quasi-kingdom in the area where the
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over the rule. Until his arrival, i
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only failed in bringing sufficient
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landed, the situation was far diffe
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Oruç succeeded in capturing Tlemse
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command of Martin de Argote. This f
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Captain General of the Maritime Arm
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from Syria to Egypt. It was a quick
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In North Africa, where the social c
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court and the local nobility expect
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Hungarian campaign of 1526. 228 Fin
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century: 2.5.2. Ottoman’s foreign
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ascension to the throne. 235 The gl
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decisive extent. 245 The situation
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esieged by the French army. The rea
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unnoticed in other sources. In one
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With these new allies, he increased
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help was written down in details. I
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dominions. 284 This would help the
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creating serious problems for Habsb
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the fortress 289 ; and with that vi
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3.3. Ottoman Habsburg rivalry: 1529
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In 1533, Ferdinand’s envoy in Con
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According to Brandi, this cooperati
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“stupidity”. 323 This defeat al
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Nikomedia. 337 Naval power played a
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It was not the first time that the
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Kulaksız, who was the Captain of M
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Khayr al-Din spent the winter of 15
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the corsair under the name of the O
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Charles was relying on local elemen
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while 10 from Sicily under the comm
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cavalry abandoned the cause. Hence,
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wish to risk their lives to leave t
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when the imperials could present a
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Surely, corsairs did not consent to
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Doria decided that the time had com
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marching. In front of the right win
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the olive groves; however, “inexp
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other clauses of secondary importan
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Mediterranean.” 490 Furthermore,
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“Yo navegué ocho veces por el Me
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from French side to that of imperia
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over the city, he would be able to
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of the task of coastal defence. 50
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contribution of the corsair to the
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valid, the Emperor would need him.
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as immediate as that of the Ottoman
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Sanuto, Marino, I Diarii, 58 vols.,
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and Erol Kılıç (İstanbul, 1990)
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Kumrular, Özlem, Las Relaciones en
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200 Veinstein, Gilles, “Süleyman
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APPENDIX B Source: Belenguer, Ernes
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APPENDIX D Ferdinand von Habsburg 1
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APPENDIX F Tiziano, Portrait of Cha
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APPENDIX H Jean Clouet Porträt des
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OTTOMAN CORSAIRS IN THE WESTERN ... - Bilkent University

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