OTTOMAN CORSAIRS IN THE WESTERN ... - Bilkent University

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Christianity, his personal ardour for a war against the infidels, the medieval Spanish tradition 13 and presidios situated in North Africa. 14 Charles also explained his vigour for this “thing the most desired for us”, the holy War. 15 He was the defender of the Faith as the Holy Roman Empire crowned by Pope. The primary task of such a ruler would be the defence of Christianity. He accentuated it several times, even though for political purposes. According to Montes, he aimed the restoration of Universitas Cristiana and “conceived the empire as the temporal support of an eternal category”, thus himself as the secular head of the Catholic world. 16 This religious fervour for Crusade was most explicit in the Tunis expedition in 1535 and its afterwards. It should be noted that this victory was celebrated bombastically, being attributed a religious importance. When Charles descended to Italy after the conclusion of the Tunis expedition, he would be heralded as “the first combatant of Europe against Africa and Asia”, “Victorious Charles, the father of the Patria, victor in Africa, pacificator of the Nation”. 17 The Ottoman Sultan, Süleyman I, on the other hand, was not only claming supremacy over the Islamic world; but also explicitly declaring his pretensions for a universal monarchy. 13 It should not be forgotten that there was a similar tradition of Holy War also in the history of the Duchy of Burgundy. Thus it should be effective on Charles since he was brought up with the stories of his Burgundian ancestors in Flanders by his aunt Margareth. Hence, in my opinion, this Spanish-centred view of the author should be noticed and a double tradition of a Crusade should be mentioned. 14 Montes, p. 101. 15 Francisco de Laiglesia, Estudios Historicos (1515-1555), I (Madrid, 1918), p. 438, cited by Montes, p. 86. 16 Montes, p. 129. 17 Brandi, pp. 358-9. 11
He was the leader of the Islamic world as the ruler of the most powerful Muslim state of the time. As İnalcik asserts, after 1453, Ottomans had already declared such supremacy based on the claim that no other Islamic ruler since the time of the four caliphs, had ever enjoyed such success in protecting and furthering the interests of Islam. The Ottoman Sultan was the Halîfe-yi Rû-yi Zemîn and Halife-yi Müslimîn. Furthermore, when Memluk State had collapsed as a result of Ottoman aggression in 1516-7, Ottomans became “the Servitor of the two Holy Sanctuaries”. 18 According to Halil İnalcık, this concept of a world empire is explicit in two inscriptions dated 1538 and 1557: “This slave of God, powerful with God’s power and his mighty deputy on the Earth, standing by the commands of the Qur’an and for the execution of them all over the world, master of all lands, and the shadow of God over all nations, Sultan over all the Sultans in the lands of the Arabs and Persians…” 19 “I am a slave of God and I am the master in this world. … God’s virtue and Muhammed’s miracles are my companions. I am Süleymân and my name is being read in the prayers of the holy cities of Islam. I launched fleets in the Mediterranean on the part of the Franks in Maghreb as well as in the Indian Ocean. I am the shah of Baghdad and Iraq, Caesar of the Roman lands and Sultan of Egypt. I took the land and crown of the Hungarian king and granted it to one of my humble slaves.” 20 Other Muslim powers could not match the power of the Ottomans. Safavid Rule in Persia was not only considered heretics by the Sunnite Islamic world; but also its expansion was contained by the Ottomans in 1514. The Muslims of India was fragmented and struggling to challenge the Portuguese expansion in the region. Even 18 Halil İnalcık, “State, Sovereignty and Law during the reign of Süleyman” in Süleyman the Second and His Time, eds. Halil İnalcık and Cemal Kafadar (İstanbul, 1993), p. 68. 19 İnalcık, “State, Sovereignty and Law”, p. 67. 20 İnalcık, “State, Sovereignty and Law”, pp. 67-8. 12
Page 1: OTTOMAN CORSAIRS IN THE WESTERN MED
Page 4 and 5: I certify that I have read this the
Page 6 and 7: Western Mediterranean and of the Ca
Page 8 and 9: hükümdarının bu artan öneme g
Page 10 and 11: they should be hailed as well. I al
Page 12 and 13: 2.5 Redefined Foreign Policies…
Page 14 and 15: INTRODUCTION The Rise of a New Worl
Page 16 and 17: East Carolingian kingdoms. It would
Page 18 and 19: Habsburg axis; however, their son J
Page 20 and 21: The imperial crown was theoreticall
Page 22 and 23: unit succeeded to preserve its auto
Page 26 and 27: though lesser in number, Portugal w
Page 28 and 29: camps and the struggle was mostly c
Page 30 and 31: etween the two most powerful Cathol
Page 32 and 33: since”. 33 That was the reason wh
Page 34 and 35: crowns; a goal which could not be r
Page 36 and 37: when Charles VIII was planning a cr
Page 38 and 39: Muslim population, these efforts wo
Page 40 and 41: that of the landlords who were defe
Page 42 and 43: people and the extreme deeds had pr
Page 44 and 45: on the battlefield. Moreover, the e
Page 46 and 47: streams. Finally mountains rise ste
Page 48 and 49: In North Africa, Spanish operations
Page 50 and 51: etween the Genoese corsairs and the
Page 52 and 53: Surprisingly enough, the expedition
Page 54 and 55: Pedro Navarro, now the sole command
Page 56 and 57: north and Aragonese in the south. B
Page 58 and 59: the imperial crown in the Ottoman E
Page 60 and 61: Soucek added to this theory is the
Page 62 and 63: hand, the inner castle resisted. Wh
Page 64 and 65: Therefore, corsairs appear as the h
Page 66 and 67: the range of the Spanish artillery
Page 68 and 69: quasi-kingdom in the area where the
Page 70 and 71: over the rule. Until his arrival, i
Page 72 and 73: only failed in bringing sufficient
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landed, the situation was far diffe
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Oruç succeeded in capturing Tlemse
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command of Martin de Argote. This f
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Captain General of the Maritime Arm
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from Syria to Egypt. It was a quick
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In North Africa, where the social c
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court and the local nobility expect
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Hungarian campaign of 1526. 228 Fin
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century: 2.5.2. Ottoman’s foreign
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ascension to the throne. 235 The gl
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decisive extent. 245 The situation
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esieged by the French army. The rea
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unnoticed in other sources. In one
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With these new allies, he increased
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help was written down in details. I
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dominions. 284 This would help the
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creating serious problems for Habsb
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the fortress 289 ; and with that vi
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3.3. Ottoman Habsburg rivalry: 1529
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In 1533, Ferdinand’s envoy in Con
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According to Brandi, this cooperati
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“stupidity”. 323 This defeat al
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Nikomedia. 337 Naval power played a
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It was not the first time that the
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Kulaksız, who was the Captain of M
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Khayr al-Din spent the winter of 15
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the corsair under the name of the O
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Charles was relying on local elemen
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while 10 from Sicily under the comm
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cavalry abandoned the cause. Hence,
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wish to risk their lives to leave t
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when the imperials could present a
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Surely, corsairs did not consent to
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Doria decided that the time had com
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marching. In front of the right win
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the olive groves; however, “inexp
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other clauses of secondary importan
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Mediterranean.” 490 Furthermore,
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“Yo navegué ocho veces por el Me
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from French side to that of imperia
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over the city, he would be able to
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of the task of coastal defence. 50
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contribution of the corsair to the
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valid, the Emperor would need him.
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as immediate as that of the Ottoman
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Sanuto, Marino, I Diarii, 58 vols.,
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and Erol Kılıç (İstanbul, 1990)
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Kumrular, Özlem, Las Relaciones en
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200 Veinstein, Gilles, “Süleyman
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APPENDIX B Source: Belenguer, Ernes
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APPENDIX D Ferdinand von Habsburg 1
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APPENDIX F Tiziano, Portrait of Cha
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APPENDIX H Jean Clouet Porträt des
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