OTTOMAN CORSAIRS IN THE WESTERN ... - Bilkent University

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unit succeeded to preserve its autonomy and traditional law. Charles also tended to think each of its patrimonial inheritance as an independent entity. Ottoman-Habsburg rivalry: Halil İnalcık in a short article analysed the place of the Ottoman Empire in the 16 th century European politics. 8 When Charles was elevated to the imperial crown in 1519, Ottoman Empire was the most important factor in the calculations. Both François and Charles declared their willingness to undertake a crusade in order to induce the electors. Mehmed II’s attempt was curtailed by his death; yet, the threat was not totally contained. The kingdom of Hungary was weak, and this might cause problems in the future. However, Italy was the centre of the ambitions of Catholic rulers. Europe was divided and a common front could not be achieved. Charles’ strength was unprecedented since the time of Charlemagne; yet his rival Süleyman the Magnificent’s (r. 1520-1566) ambitions were not more moderate. Many authors have discussed whether Charles was inspired by the idea of a universal monarchy or not. It was natural for such a power that his contemporaries would attribute such an ideology; yet, this was an exaggeration. This rejection was not only based on Charles’ denial of universal pretensions in front of Pope Paul III (r. 1534- 1549). His efforts were generally defensive as the result of all these wars to which he 8 Halil İnalcık, “The Turkish impact on the development of modern Europe” in The Ottoman State and its Place in World History, ed. Kemal H. Karpat (Wisconsin, 1974), pp. 51-60; Halil İnalcık, “Avrupa Devlet Sistemi, Fransa ve Osmanlı: Avrupa’da “Geleneksel Dostumuz” Fransa Tarihine Ait Bir Olay”, Doğu Batı, XIV (2001), pp. 122-142. 9
was dragged was not more than the conquest of the Duchy of Milan and some places in Flanders. What he wanted to do was to conserve his patrimony and fulfil his obligations that the imperial office set forth for him. Thus his idea was to preserve the peace in and the coherence of universitas cristiana and thus his eminent enemies were Turks, heretics (i.e. protestants), and the neighbour princes (i.e. France). He defended Ordinatio totius mundi against France; Concordia hominum against Protestants and acted as Defensor Fidei against the Turks. 9 His wars were the natural outcomes of his desire to establish peace within the Christian community and therefore to wage a holy war against the infidels. Charles had to confront Ottoman expansion as the Defensor Fidei of the Catholic World. It is interesting to note that the idea of a crusade has played an important role in the imperial propaganda of the time. According to Montes, messianic beliefs in Spain around the personality of Charles and consequently the belief for his invincibility that were strengthened by the expansion of the Hispanic world resulted in a concrete idea of a Crusade. 10 Castro asserted: “The emotion of holy war disappeared in France with the Crusades, while it was still vivid in Spain in the sixteenth century”. 11 Montes mentioned a three staged holy war in which North Africa appeared as the second. 12 This illusion of crusade was based on four pillars: The imperial dignity or the theoretic leadership of 9 Juan Sánchez Montes, Franceses, Protestantes, Turcos. Los Españoles ante la Política Internaciónal de Carlos V (Granada, 1995), p. 129. 10 Montes, p. 50. 11 Américo Castro, España en su Historia. Cristianos, Moros y Judios (Buenos Aires, 1948), pp. 191, 202, 223, cited by Montes, p. 84. 12 Montes, p. 98. The first was the Reconquista and the third would be the conquest of Jerusalem. 10
Page 1: OTTOMAN CORSAIRS IN THE WESTERN MED
Page 4 and 5: I certify that I have read this the
Page 6 and 7: Western Mediterranean and of the Ca
Page 8 and 9: hükümdarının bu artan öneme g
Page 10 and 11: they should be hailed as well. I al
Page 12 and 13: 2.5 Redefined Foreign Policies…
Page 14 and 15: INTRODUCTION The Rise of a New Worl
Page 16 and 17: East Carolingian kingdoms. It would
Page 18 and 19: Habsburg axis; however, their son J
Page 20 and 21: The imperial crown was theoreticall
Page 24 and 25: Christianity, his personal ardour f
Page 26 and 27: though lesser in number, Portugal w
Page 28 and 29: camps and the struggle was mostly c
Page 30 and 31: etween the two most powerful Cathol
Page 32 and 33: since”. 33 That was the reason wh
Page 34 and 35: crowns; a goal which could not be r
Page 36 and 37: when Charles VIII was planning a cr
Page 38 and 39: Muslim population, these efforts wo
Page 40 and 41: that of the landlords who were defe
Page 42 and 43: people and the extreme deeds had pr
Page 44 and 45: on the battlefield. Moreover, the e
Page 46 and 47: streams. Finally mountains rise ste
Page 48 and 49: In North Africa, Spanish operations
Page 50 and 51: etween the Genoese corsairs and the
Page 52 and 53: Surprisingly enough, the expedition
Page 54 and 55: Pedro Navarro, now the sole command
Page 56 and 57: north and Aragonese in the south. B
Page 58 and 59: the imperial crown in the Ottoman E
Page 60 and 61: Soucek added to this theory is the
Page 62 and 63: hand, the inner castle resisted. Wh
Page 64 and 65: Therefore, corsairs appear as the h
Page 66 and 67: the range of the Spanish artillery
Page 68 and 69: quasi-kingdom in the area where the
Page 70 and 71: over the rule. Until his arrival, i
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only failed in bringing sufficient
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landed, the situation was far diffe
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Oruç succeeded in capturing Tlemse
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command of Martin de Argote. This f
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Captain General of the Maritime Arm
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from Syria to Egypt. It was a quick
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In North Africa, where the social c
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court and the local nobility expect
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Hungarian campaign of 1526. 228 Fin
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century: 2.5.2. Ottoman’s foreign
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ascension to the throne. 235 The gl
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decisive extent. 245 The situation
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esieged by the French army. The rea
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unnoticed in other sources. In one
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With these new allies, he increased
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help was written down in details. I
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dominions. 284 This would help the
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creating serious problems for Habsb
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the fortress 289 ; and with that vi
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3.3. Ottoman Habsburg rivalry: 1529
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In 1533, Ferdinand’s envoy in Con
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According to Brandi, this cooperati
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“stupidity”. 323 This defeat al
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Nikomedia. 337 Naval power played a
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It was not the first time that the
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Kulaksız, who was the Captain of M
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Khayr al-Din spent the winter of 15
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the corsair under the name of the O
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Charles was relying on local elemen
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while 10 from Sicily under the comm
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cavalry abandoned the cause. Hence,
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wish to risk their lives to leave t
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when the imperials could present a
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Surely, corsairs did not consent to
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Doria decided that the time had com
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marching. In front of the right win
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the olive groves; however, “inexp
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other clauses of secondary importan
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Mediterranean.” 490 Furthermore,
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“Yo navegué ocho veces por el Me
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from French side to that of imperia
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over the city, he would be able to
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of the task of coastal defence. 50
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contribution of the corsair to the
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valid, the Emperor would need him.
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as immediate as that of the Ottoman
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Sanuto, Marino, I Diarii, 58 vols.,
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and Erol Kılıç (İstanbul, 1990)
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Kumrular, Özlem, Las Relaciones en
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200 Veinstein, Gilles, “Süleyman
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APPENDIX B Source: Belenguer, Ernes
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APPENDIX D Ferdinand von Habsburg 1
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APPENDIX F Tiziano, Portrait of Cha
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APPENDIX H Jean Clouet Porträt des
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