OTTOMAN CORSAIRS IN THE WESTERN ... - Bilkent University

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In North Africa, Spanish operations started in 1505. Regiments that were set loose from the Italian wars were prepared and the Spanish navy anchored in front of Mars al-Kabir, the port of Oran. Corsairs that were situated there had been attacking the Iberian coasts. They had attacked Valencia, Elche and Alicante and even penetrated through the port of Malaga and burned the merchant ships in the port. 77 Fernando decided to send 10.000 troops to the region under the command of Diego Hernández de Córdoba. 7 galleys with 140 small ships would be at his service. 78 When the Spanish contingents arrived, the garrison commander in Mars al-Kebir realized that there will be no relief forces from Tlemsen and there was nothing to do but surrender the city. The ruler of Tlemsen would arrive when it was too late. 79 However, this expedition was proven fruitless. Like the conquest of Melilla in 1497, its success were not tried to be furthered. The supply problems also aggravated the situation of the ill-prepared Spanish expedition. On the other hand, back in Spain, the fate of the crusade against Africa was a matter of tricky intrigues. Isabella had died a year ago, leaving a political will whose primary advice was the continuation of Reconquista. Her death was followed by a power struggle between her husband Fernando and her son-in-law Philip of Habsburg in order to gain the regency which was left vacant due to the mental disorder of Juana, the heiress to the crown of Castile. Thus, this expedition should be considered the deed of the Castilian war party whose priorities have been addressed before. Nevertheless, even under these circumstances, Fernando did not refrain from interfering in this semi- autonomous initiative and forced the appointment of Diego Hernández de Córdoba as 77 Aziz Samih İlter, Şimali Afrika’da Türkler (İstanbul, 1934), p. 61. 78 İlter, p. 61. 79 İlter, p. 61. 35
the general commander of the army. By no means, he wished to allow Cardinal Jiménez to undertake such a project independently. Apart from the idea of the forced conversion of the Muslim masses in Spain, Jiménez had already been a fervent supporter of the idea of the Crusade. He was the guiding spirit behind the Spanish campaigns in North Africa, which did he not only help finance from his archiepiscopal revenues, but also participated in campaigns personally. Jiménez spent the last years of Isabella's reign mostly at her court as her principal religious and political adviser. It would not be very illogical therefore, to speculate a certain effect of him on her thoughts. However, as will be pointed out, Fernando’s penchant towards Italian politics hindered the full realization of his projects. In 1506, Philip of Habsburg died and the new regent of Castile was Fernando thanks to the efforts of Jiménez who stood against an intriguing political group that aimed to hand over the regency to the Emperor-Elect Maximilian, the father of the deceased Philip. Fernando was wise enough to have him on his side, in exchange with a cardinal seat that he would assure in 1507. 80 Now the situation had been tranquilized, yet the aristocratic war party was still pressuring Fernando whose Italian dominated foreign policy was not useful for Castile. Fernando gave in and authorized a North African expedition under the command of Pedro Navarro. This Spanish commander had fought in important wars in North Italy, mainly recruited as a mercenary. Furthermore, he was in the army of Gonzalo Hernández de Córdoba who successfully campaigned against French troops that invaded Naples. Being probably one of the finest military engineers of his time, his appearance in North Africa would not be for the first time; he also participated as a condottiere in the war 80 Brandi, p.60. 36
Page 1: OTTOMAN CORSAIRS IN THE WESTERN MED
Page 4 and 5: I certify that I have read this the
Page 6 and 7: Western Mediterranean and of the Ca
Page 8 and 9: hükümdarının bu artan öneme g
Page 10 and 11: they should be hailed as well. I al
Page 12 and 13: 2.5 Redefined Foreign Policies…
Page 14 and 15: INTRODUCTION The Rise of a New Worl
Page 16 and 17: East Carolingian kingdoms. It would
Page 18 and 19: Habsburg axis; however, their son J
Page 20 and 21: The imperial crown was theoreticall
Page 22 and 23: unit succeeded to preserve its auto
Page 24 and 25: Christianity, his personal ardour f
Page 26 and 27: though lesser in number, Portugal w
Page 28 and 29: camps and the struggle was mostly c
Page 30 and 31: etween the two most powerful Cathol
Page 32 and 33: since”. 33 That was the reason wh
Page 34 and 35: crowns; a goal which could not be r
Page 36 and 37: when Charles VIII was planning a cr
Page 38 and 39: Muslim population, these efforts wo
Page 40 and 41: that of the landlords who were defe
Page 42 and 43: people and the extreme deeds had pr
Page 44 and 45: on the battlefield. Moreover, the e
Page 46 and 47: streams. Finally mountains rise ste
Page 50 and 51: etween the Genoese corsairs and the
Page 52 and 53: Surprisingly enough, the expedition
Page 54 and 55: Pedro Navarro, now the sole command
Page 56 and 57: north and Aragonese in the south. B
Page 58 and 59: the imperial crown in the Ottoman E
Page 60 and 61: Soucek added to this theory is the
Page 62 and 63: hand, the inner castle resisted. Wh
Page 64 and 65: Therefore, corsairs appear as the h
Page 66 and 67: the range of the Spanish artillery
Page 68 and 69: quasi-kingdom in the area where the
Page 70 and 71: over the rule. Until his arrival, i
Page 72 and 73: only failed in bringing sufficient
Page 74 and 75: landed, the situation was far diffe
Page 76 and 77: Oruç succeeded in capturing Tlemse
Page 78 and 79: command of Martin de Argote. This f
Page 80 and 81: Captain General of the Maritime Arm
Page 82 and 83: from Syria to Egypt. It was a quick
Page 84 and 85: In North Africa, where the social c
Page 86 and 87: court and the local nobility expect
Page 88 and 89: Hungarian campaign of 1526. 228 Fin
Page 90 and 91: century: 2.5.2. Ottoman’s foreign
Page 92 and 93: ascension to the throne. 235 The gl
Page 94 and 95: decisive extent. 245 The situation
Page 96 and 97: esieged by the French army. The rea
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unnoticed in other sources. In one
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With these new allies, he increased
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help was written down in details. I
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dominions. 284 This would help the
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creating serious problems for Habsb
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the fortress 289 ; and with that vi
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3.3. Ottoman Habsburg rivalry: 1529
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In 1533, Ferdinand’s envoy in Con
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According to Brandi, this cooperati
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“stupidity”. 323 This defeat al
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Nikomedia. 337 Naval power played a
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It was not the first time that the
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Kulaksız, who was the Captain of M
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Khayr al-Din spent the winter of 15
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the corsair under the name of the O
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Charles was relying on local elemen
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while 10 from Sicily under the comm
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cavalry abandoned the cause. Hence,
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wish to risk their lives to leave t
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when the imperials could present a
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Surely, corsairs did not consent to
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Doria decided that the time had com
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marching. In front of the right win
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the olive groves; however, “inexp
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other clauses of secondary importan
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Mediterranean.” 490 Furthermore,
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“Yo navegué ocho veces por el Me
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from French side to that of imperia
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over the city, he would be able to
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of the task of coastal defence. 50
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contribution of the corsair to the
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valid, the Emperor would need him.
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as immediate as that of the Ottoman
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Sanuto, Marino, I Diarii, 58 vols.,
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and Erol Kılıç (İstanbul, 1990)
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Kumrular, Özlem, Las Relaciones en
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200 Veinstein, Gilles, “Süleyman
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APPENDIX B Source: Belenguer, Ernes
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APPENDIX D Ferdinand von Habsburg 1
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APPENDIX F Tiziano, Portrait of Cha
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APPENDIX H Jean Clouet Porträt des
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OTTOMAN CORSAIRS IN THE WESTERN ... - Bilkent University

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