OTTOMAN CORSAIRS IN THE WESTERN ... - Bilkent University

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Habsburg axis; however, their son Juan of Aragon lived only a couple of hours. When Fernando died in 1516, Charles appeared as the heir to both of the kingdoms. Charles did not only take the possession of these two kingdoms. As a result of Reconquista, the last Muslim kingdom in the Peninsula was incorporated into the kingdom of Castile. Furthermore, the kingdom of Navarre was conquered from the ruling dynasty of Albrets and incorporated into the kingdom of Castile by Fernando in 1512. Apart from these dominions in the Iberian Peninsula, Charles had also inherited Aragonese possessions in Southern Italy, Kingdoms of Sicily and of Naples. After the marriage between Constance, the last descendant of Robert Guiscard (r.1059-1085) and the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI of Hohenstaufen (r. 1191-1197), Southern Italy became an arena of international conflict. Henry’s heir Emperor Frederick II (r. 1220- 1250) followed his father in the region and reigned for 53 years between 1197 and 1250. Yet, Pope claiming suzerainty on the kingdom and denying the Hohenstaufen claims, decided to invest the kingdom to the brother of the French king Louis IX (r. 1226-1270), Charles d’Anjou in 1266. He was proclaimed king of Naples and of Sicily, and naturally Pope’s vassal. Yet, the Angevin rule faced problems in Southern Italy. In 1282, as a result of the Sicilian Vespers Revolt, the Angevin Dynasty was replaced by that of Aragonese in the kingdom of Sicily. The result of the consequent war of the two dynasties would be the division of the kingdoms of Sicily and of Naples. The kingdom of Naples would fall into the Aragonese sphere when the Aragonese king Alfonso el Magnamino (r.1435-1458) conquered it in 1443 defeating the last Angevin pretender René. Upon his death in 1458, his kingdom was divided into two. His illegitimate child Ferrante (r.1458-1494) would be the king of Naples while Fernando’s father, Juan (r. 5
1458-1479) would inherit the Catalan-Aragonese kingdom. French kings Charles VIII (r. 1483-1498) and Louis XII (r. 1498-1515) would invade the kingdom of Naples based on their dynastic rights on the kingdoms; yet the final victory would be of Aragon. With the treaties of Blois (1504-5), both crowns would pass to Fernando, then upon his death to Charles. Yet, the original lands of the Habsburgs were the Archduchy of Austria. When Rudolf of Habsburg was elected emperor in 1273, he used his power to gain the control of the duchy of Austria and to secure it for his son. From that day on, this duchy became the nucleus of Habsburg powers since the original Habsburg dominions in Northern Switzerland was not worth mentioning. Charles gained the Duchy in 1519, when his grandfather died. Yet, this had never played an important role in his plans. After his election to the imperial crown, he decided to cede this Duchy to his brother and lieutenant in the Empire Ferdinand. 1 The young Habsburg prince who united a combination of crowns under the same head would also be elected Emperor. Maximilian was eager to secure the imperial crown for his grandson; he already started negotiations with the electors in order to do so by bribing them. However, his sudden death prevented him from completing his mission. The sovereignty in the empire had a medieval character; it consisted of disorganized and personal possessions formally vassal to the imperial crown, but in reality independent. Yet, the immense prestige of the seat was undeniable. So as the leader of the Habsburg dynasty Charles should bid for his grandfather’s legacy. 1 This was also due to a mutual agreement in which Ferdinand renounced his rights over the remaining Habsburg dominions. Ferdinand was always the favoured one in Spain and he was removed from the Peninsula when Charles arrived to assume the royal title. Furthermore, there were talks of French efforts to induce Ferdinand for an imperial candidacy against his brother. Charles had to write a letter to him indicating his amicable feelings towards his brother. 6
Page 1: OTTOMAN CORSAIRS IN THE WESTERN MED
Page 4 and 5: I certify that I have read this the
Page 6 and 7: Western Mediterranean and of the Ca
Page 8 and 9: hükümdarının bu artan öneme g
Page 10 and 11: they should be hailed as well. I al
Page 12 and 13: 2.5 Redefined Foreign Policies…
Page 14 and 15: INTRODUCTION The Rise of a New Worl
Page 16 and 17: East Carolingian kingdoms. It would
Page 20 and 21: The imperial crown was theoreticall
Page 22 and 23: unit succeeded to preserve its auto
Page 24 and 25: Christianity, his personal ardour f
Page 26 and 27: though lesser in number, Portugal w
Page 28 and 29: camps and the struggle was mostly c
Page 30 and 31: etween the two most powerful Cathol
Page 32 and 33: since”. 33 That was the reason wh
Page 34 and 35: crowns; a goal which could not be r
Page 36 and 37: when Charles VIII was planning a cr
Page 38 and 39: Muslim population, these efforts wo
Page 40 and 41: that of the landlords who were defe
Page 42 and 43: people and the extreme deeds had pr
Page 44 and 45: on the battlefield. Moreover, the e
Page 46 and 47: streams. Finally mountains rise ste
Page 48 and 49: In North Africa, Spanish operations
Page 50 and 51: etween the Genoese corsairs and the
Page 52 and 53: Surprisingly enough, the expedition
Page 54 and 55: Pedro Navarro, now the sole command
Page 56 and 57: north and Aragonese in the south. B
Page 58 and 59: the imperial crown in the Ottoman E
Page 60 and 61: Soucek added to this theory is the
Page 62 and 63: hand, the inner castle resisted. Wh
Page 64 and 65: Therefore, corsairs appear as the h
Page 66 and 67: the range of the Spanish artillery
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quasi-kingdom in the area where the
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over the rule. Until his arrival, i
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only failed in bringing sufficient
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landed, the situation was far diffe
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Oruç succeeded in capturing Tlemse
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command of Martin de Argote. This f
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Captain General of the Maritime Arm
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from Syria to Egypt. It was a quick
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In North Africa, where the social c
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court and the local nobility expect
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Hungarian campaign of 1526. 228 Fin
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century: 2.5.2. Ottoman’s foreign
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ascension to the throne. 235 The gl
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decisive extent. 245 The situation
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esieged by the French army. The rea
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unnoticed in other sources. In one
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With these new allies, he increased
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help was written down in details. I
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dominions. 284 This would help the
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creating serious problems for Habsb
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the fortress 289 ; and with that vi
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3.3. Ottoman Habsburg rivalry: 1529
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In 1533, Ferdinand’s envoy in Con
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According to Brandi, this cooperati
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“stupidity”. 323 This defeat al
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Nikomedia. 337 Naval power played a
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It was not the first time that the
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Kulaksız, who was the Captain of M
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Khayr al-Din spent the winter of 15
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the corsair under the name of the O
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Charles was relying on local elemen
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while 10 from Sicily under the comm
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cavalry abandoned the cause. Hence,
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wish to risk their lives to leave t
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when the imperials could present a
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Surely, corsairs did not consent to
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Doria decided that the time had com
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marching. In front of the right win
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the olive groves; however, “inexp
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other clauses of secondary importan
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Mediterranean.” 490 Furthermore,
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“Yo navegué ocho veces por el Me
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from French side to that of imperia
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over the city, he would be able to
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of the task of coastal defence. 50
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contribution of the corsair to the
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valid, the Emperor would need him.
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as immediate as that of the Ottoman
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Sanuto, Marino, I Diarii, 58 vols.,
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and Erol Kılıç (İstanbul, 1990)
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Kumrular, Özlem, Las Relaciones en
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200 Veinstein, Gilles, “Süleyman
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APPENDIX B Source: Belenguer, Ernes
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APPENDIX D Ferdinand von Habsburg 1
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APPENDIX F Tiziano, Portrait of Cha
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APPENDIX H Jean Clouet Porträt des
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