OTTOMAN CORSAIRS IN THE WESTERN ... - Bilkent University

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streams. Finally mountains rise steeply behind the shore. So, they were high enough such that Corsairs could detect the approaching ships from a long distance. 74 1.3. Spanish attacks to North Africa: 1505-1511 Fernando had finally given in the warfare lobby and consented for a series of expeditions on North Africa. In 1505, he was triumphant after years of warfare in Italy, having not only recovered the kingdom of Naples from French but also added it to his dominions after 9 years of warfare. Younger branch of his family was ruling the kingdom of Naples since 1458 when his grandfather Alfonso of Aragon decided to leave it to his illegitimate child Ferrante, uncle of Fernando. However, the crown was not uncontested. The young and reckless French king, Charles VIII had decided to push for Angevin claims for the crown following the pretensions of the House of Anjou over the heritage of Queen Jane of Naples. He was waiting for a suitable opportunity to intervene. In the meantime, the Duchy of Milan was contested by two contenders; Ludovico Sforza (r. 1494-1500) and Gian Galeazzo Sforza (r. 1476-1494). The latter was married to the daughter of the King of Naples, and thus ensured his support. Ludovico was already a usurper and given the balance of power, he had no option but to call for French intervention. Charles VIII had already succeeded to buy the neutrality of Emperor-Elect Maximilian, English king Henry VII (r. 1485-1509) and Fernando thanks to a series of treaties throughout 1493. Thus he could respond to the call. French army crossed the Alps in the summer of 1494 74 Lane-Poole, p. 20. 33
without even a serious resistance. He conquered the whole peninsula easily. Yet, such a quick victory had upset the balance of power in the region. In April 1495, a new anti- French league was established due to the “the duplicity of Ludovico the Moor, the complicity of Alexander VI, the encouragements of Fernando of Aragon and of Maximilian” 75 . Even though the French king succeeded to cross the Alps with his army intact, the French presence in the Italian Peninsula was concluded by the end of 1496. Status quo-ante was established. Yet, a second round was soon to follow. Charles VIII died in 1498, leaving the crown to Louis XII of Orleans whose claims to the duchy of Milan were far stronger than those of Charles VIII on Naples. He was the grandson of Valentina Visconti (d. 1408) and thus had the right to retain the Duchy from the usurper Sforzas. Taking advantage of anti-Milanese feelings of Venice he assured their support. Later, he bought the Pope by offering to his son Cesare Borgia (d.1507) the hand of Charlotte d’Albret and the Duchy of Valentinois. In August 1499, Italian peninsula once again was hosting French troops. Milan was conquered twice while Ludovico was taken prisoner and sent to the castle of Loches where he will spend the remaining eight years of his life. Up to this point, the war was trivial for both branches of the House of Aragon. Yet, the conquest was easy enough to inspire Louis for desiring more. In 1501, he attacked Naples; Fernando had to intervene in 1502 even though he formerly consented to Louis XII. The situation was worse when the pro-French pope, the famous Roderic Borja 76 , Alexander VI (r. 1492-1503) died suddenly in 1503. Louis XII, by 1504, had to accept that Naples was lost for good. The kingdom would be the part of Aragon. 75 Histoire de France Vol.I : Des Origines à 1715, ed. Marcel Reinard (Paris, 1954), p. 332. 76 Often referred as Rodrigo Borgia. 34
Page 1: OTTOMAN CORSAIRS IN THE WESTERN MED
Page 4 and 5: I certify that I have read this the
Page 6 and 7: Western Mediterranean and of the Ca
Page 8 and 9: hükümdarının bu artan öneme g
Page 10 and 11: they should be hailed as well. I al
Page 12 and 13: 2.5 Redefined Foreign Policies…
Page 14 and 15: INTRODUCTION The Rise of a New Worl
Page 16 and 17: East Carolingian kingdoms. It would
Page 18 and 19: Habsburg axis; however, their son J
Page 20 and 21: The imperial crown was theoreticall
Page 22 and 23: unit succeeded to preserve its auto
Page 24 and 25: Christianity, his personal ardour f
Page 26 and 27: though lesser in number, Portugal w
Page 28 and 29: camps and the struggle was mostly c
Page 30 and 31: etween the two most powerful Cathol
Page 32 and 33: since”. 33 That was the reason wh
Page 34 and 35: crowns; a goal which could not be r
Page 36 and 37: when Charles VIII was planning a cr
Page 38 and 39: Muslim population, these efforts wo
Page 40 and 41: that of the landlords who were defe
Page 42 and 43: people and the extreme deeds had pr
Page 44 and 45: on the battlefield. Moreover, the e
Page 48 and 49: In North Africa, Spanish operations
Page 50 and 51: etween the Genoese corsairs and the
Page 52 and 53: Surprisingly enough, the expedition
Page 54 and 55: Pedro Navarro, now the sole command
Page 56 and 57: north and Aragonese in the south. B
Page 58 and 59: the imperial crown in the Ottoman E
Page 60 and 61: Soucek added to this theory is the
Page 62 and 63: hand, the inner castle resisted. Wh
Page 64 and 65: Therefore, corsairs appear as the h
Page 66 and 67: the range of the Spanish artillery
Page 68 and 69: quasi-kingdom in the area where the
Page 70 and 71: over the rule. Until his arrival, i
Page 72 and 73: only failed in bringing sufficient
Page 74 and 75: landed, the situation was far diffe
Page 76 and 77: Oruç succeeded in capturing Tlemse
Page 78 and 79: command of Martin de Argote. This f
Page 80 and 81: Captain General of the Maritime Arm
Page 82 and 83: from Syria to Egypt. It was a quick
Page 84 and 85: In North Africa, where the social c
Page 86 and 87: court and the local nobility expect
Page 88 and 89: Hungarian campaign of 1526. 228 Fin
Page 90 and 91: century: 2.5.2. Ottoman’s foreign
Page 92 and 93: ascension to the throne. 235 The gl
Page 94 and 95: decisive extent. 245 The situation
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esieged by the French army. The rea
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unnoticed in other sources. In one
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With these new allies, he increased
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help was written down in details. I
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dominions. 284 This would help the
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creating serious problems for Habsb
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the fortress 289 ; and with that vi
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3.3. Ottoman Habsburg rivalry: 1529
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In 1533, Ferdinand’s envoy in Con
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According to Brandi, this cooperati
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“stupidity”. 323 This defeat al
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Nikomedia. 337 Naval power played a
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It was not the first time that the
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Kulaksız, who was the Captain of M
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Khayr al-Din spent the winter of 15
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the corsair under the name of the O
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Charles was relying on local elemen
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while 10 from Sicily under the comm
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cavalry abandoned the cause. Hence,
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wish to risk their lives to leave t
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when the imperials could present a
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Surely, corsairs did not consent to
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Doria decided that the time had com
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marching. In front of the right win
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the olive groves; however, “inexp
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other clauses of secondary importan
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Mediterranean.” 490 Furthermore,
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“Yo navegué ocho veces por el Me
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from French side to that of imperia
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over the city, he would be able to
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of the task of coastal defence. 50
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contribution of the corsair to the
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valid, the Emperor would need him.
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as immediate as that of the Ottoman
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Sanuto, Marino, I Diarii, 58 vols.,
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and Erol Kılıç (İstanbul, 1990)
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Kumrular, Özlem, Las Relaciones en
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200 Veinstein, Gilles, “Süleyman
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APPENDIX B Source: Belenguer, Ernes
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APPENDIX D Ferdinand von Habsburg 1
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APPENDIX F Tiziano, Portrait of Cha
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APPENDIX H Jean Clouet Porträt des
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