OTTOMAN CORSAIRS IN THE WESTERN ... - Bilkent University

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on the battlefield. Moreover, the expenditure for the war equipment can also be considered a heavy burden. 68 It was what lacked the North African states more than the access to the new technology. Their economic power was curtailed by their lack of unity in a political environment of incessant internal struggle. This lack of unity had its effects on not only political, but also economical basis. Due to cohesive kin groups with no political centre, this structure hindered the central government to impose its bureaucracy and to create an efficient taxation system over the taxable area. Decrease in the revenues made the military reform impossible. Neither the tribes themselves could realize such a reform. Even though tribesmen enjoyed great prosperity, their economy was also fragile against the possibility of a bad weather or contagious animal diseases. In addition, they could not unite themselves such that a sufficient sum can be collected. 69 It should be remembered that Braudel considers the emerging of the larger states in the 15 th century as a product of the need for more efficient financial system since a single city state could not afford the basic financial requirements of its time. “The rival of the city state, the territorial state, rich of space and people, proved itself the only capable who can satisfy the enormous costs of the modern warfare; it maintained the mercenary armies, supplied costly artillery materials and would soon enjoy the luxury of great naval wars” 70 It was still valid in the sixteenth century at a time when Europe was the theatre of conflicts between these large states. When the modernized Spanish troops arrived, traditional armies generally consisting of tribal soldiers were the response of North Africans, or as Temimi would 68 Parker, “The Gunpowder Revolution: 1300 – 1500”, p. 116. 69 Hess, The Forgotten Frontier, p. 21. 70 Braudel, II, p. 8. 31
prefer: “their own means of defence, practically nothing”. 71 In addition to the technological inferiority, there was another difference between two powers. Spanish troops were strictly disciplined and had the ability to operate under a military hierarchy. On the other hand, loyalty of the tribesmen was precarious; addressed to their tribes rather than the army itself or the state. In addition, such an army inevitably would suffer from the supply problems since they could only fight in particular seasons, basically spring and summer. Afterwards, they were leaving the army to return to their homeland, not necessarily with permission from the central authority. Last but not the least, the lack of an institutionalized military hierarchy curtailed the efficiency and coherence on the battlefield. An army deprived of proper discipline, and of the ability of complicated manoeuvring could not compete with the regular and disciplined European armies. 72 On the other hand, the real response would be given by the corsair attacks. Muslim sailors now with the expertise of the Moriscos on the Iberian coasts benefited from the opportunity. North Africa had always been suitable for corsary. There existed natural harbours and lagoons which the latter helped the corsair ships to more easily flee from enemy ships. In addition, there was no deep port through the North African littoral. Hence, big ships could not approach to the shore easily, an advantageous situation for the small corsair ships. 73 The land production sufficed to feed the population, and thus the Muslim cities were self sufficient unlike the Spanish presidios that had to depend on imports from Spain. Even though there was no navigable river, the shortness of the watershed counterbalanced that disadvantage since it precluded the possibility of great 71 Abdeljelil Temimi, “Lettre de la Population Algéroise au Sultan Selim I er en 1519”, Revue d’Histoire Maghrebine, V (January, 1976), p. 95. 72 Hess, The Forgotten Frontier, pp. 22-23. 73 Lane-Poole, p. 16. 32
Page 1: OTTOMAN CORSAIRS IN THE WESTERN MED
Page 4 and 5: I certify that I have read this the
Page 6 and 7: Western Mediterranean and of the Ca
Page 8 and 9: hükümdarının bu artan öneme g
Page 10 and 11: they should be hailed as well. I al
Page 12 and 13: 2.5 Redefined Foreign Policies…
Page 14 and 15: INTRODUCTION The Rise of a New Worl
Page 16 and 17: East Carolingian kingdoms. It would
Page 18 and 19: Habsburg axis; however, their son J
Page 20 and 21: The imperial crown was theoreticall
Page 22 and 23: unit succeeded to preserve its auto
Page 24 and 25: Christianity, his personal ardour f
Page 26 and 27: though lesser in number, Portugal w
Page 28 and 29: camps and the struggle was mostly c
Page 30 and 31: etween the two most powerful Cathol
Page 32 and 33: since”. 33 That was the reason wh
Page 34 and 35: crowns; a goal which could not be r
Page 36 and 37: when Charles VIII was planning a cr
Page 38 and 39: Muslim population, these efforts wo
Page 40 and 41: that of the landlords who were defe
Page 42 and 43: people and the extreme deeds had pr
Page 46 and 47: streams. Finally mountains rise ste
Page 48 and 49: In North Africa, Spanish operations
Page 50 and 51: etween the Genoese corsairs and the
Page 52 and 53: Surprisingly enough, the expedition
Page 54 and 55: Pedro Navarro, now the sole command
Page 56 and 57: north and Aragonese in the south. B
Page 58 and 59: the imperial crown in the Ottoman E
Page 60 and 61: Soucek added to this theory is the
Page 62 and 63: hand, the inner castle resisted. Wh
Page 64 and 65: Therefore, corsairs appear as the h
Page 66 and 67: the range of the Spanish artillery
Page 68 and 69: quasi-kingdom in the area where the
Page 70 and 71: over the rule. Until his arrival, i
Page 72 and 73: only failed in bringing sufficient
Page 74 and 75: landed, the situation was far diffe
Page 76 and 77: Oruç succeeded in capturing Tlemse
Page 78 and 79: command of Martin de Argote. This f
Page 80 and 81: Captain General of the Maritime Arm
Page 82 and 83: from Syria to Egypt. It was a quick
Page 84 and 85: In North Africa, where the social c
Page 86 and 87: court and the local nobility expect
Page 88 and 89: Hungarian campaign of 1526. 228 Fin
Page 90 and 91: century: 2.5.2. Ottoman’s foreign
Page 92 and 93: ascension to the throne. 235 The gl
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decisive extent. 245 The situation
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esieged by the French army. The rea
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unnoticed in other sources. In one
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With these new allies, he increased
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help was written down in details. I
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dominions. 284 This would help the
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creating serious problems for Habsb
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the fortress 289 ; and with that vi
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3.3. Ottoman Habsburg rivalry: 1529
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In 1533, Ferdinand’s envoy in Con
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According to Brandi, this cooperati
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“stupidity”. 323 This defeat al
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Nikomedia. 337 Naval power played a
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It was not the first time that the
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Kulaksız, who was the Captain of M
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Khayr al-Din spent the winter of 15
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the corsair under the name of the O
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Charles was relying on local elemen
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while 10 from Sicily under the comm
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cavalry abandoned the cause. Hence,
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wish to risk their lives to leave t
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when the imperials could present a
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Surely, corsairs did not consent to
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Doria decided that the time had com
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marching. In front of the right win
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the olive groves; however, “inexp
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other clauses of secondary importan
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Mediterranean.” 490 Furthermore,
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“Yo navegué ocho veces por el Me
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from French side to that of imperia
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over the city, he would be able to
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of the task of coastal defence. 50
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contribution of the corsair to the
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valid, the Emperor would need him.
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as immediate as that of the Ottoman
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Sanuto, Marino, I Diarii, 58 vols.,
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and Erol Kılıç (İstanbul, 1990)
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Kumrular, Özlem, Las Relaciones en
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200 Veinstein, Gilles, “Süleyman
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APPENDIX B Source: Belenguer, Ernes
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APPENDIX D Ferdinand von Habsburg 1
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APPENDIX F Tiziano, Portrait of Cha
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APPENDIX H Jean Clouet Porträt des
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OTTOMAN CORSAIRS IN THE WESTERN ... - Bilkent University

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