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Roger P A, Jimenez R, Santiago-Ardales S (1991) Methods for studying blue-green algae in ricefields: distributional ecology of the organisms, sampling strategies and estimation of abundance. IRRI Res. Pap. Ser. 150. Roger PA, KuriharaY (1991) Floodwater biology of tropical wetland ricefields. In: Panichapong S, Wada H, editors. Soil management for sustainable rice production in the tropics. Monograph No. 2. Bangkok (Thailand): International Board for Soil Research and Management. p 211-233. Roger PA, Heong KL, Teng PS. 1991. Biodiversity and sustainability of wetland rice production: role and potential of microorganisms and invertebrates. In: Hawksworth DL, editor. The biodiversity of microorganisms and invertebrates: its role in sustainable agriculture. Wallingford (UK): CAB International. p 117-136. Roger PA, Zimmerman WJ, Lumpkin T. 1993. Microbiological management of wetland rice fields. In Metting B, editor. Soil Microbial Technologies. New York (New York): Marcel Dekker. p 417-455. Russo S. 1970. Effects of some pesticides on the solubility of nutrients in submerged soil. Riso 19(1):37-54. Satapathy KB, Singh PK. 1987. Effect of the pesticides carbofuran and phorate on the growth of water fern Azolla pinnata R. BR. varieties and their pests. Beitrage trop Landwirtsch Veterinarmed 25 H.4:411-417. Sato K. 1987. Seasonal population changes of several bacterial groups in paddy soil in relation to application of a herbicide, thiobencarb. Bull. Inst. Agric. Res. Tohoku Univ. 38(2):69- 82. Sattar MA, Paasivirta J. 1980. Fate of chlorophenoxyacetic acids in acid soil. Chemosphere 9:745-752. Seiber JN, Heinrichs EA, Aquino GB, Valencia SL, Andrade P, Argente AM. 1978. Residues of carbofuran applied as a systemic insecticide in irrigated wetland rice: implications for insect control. IRRI Res. Pap. Ser. 17. Sethunathan N, Siddaramapa R. 1978. Microbial degradation of pesticides in rice soils. In: Soils and rice. Manila (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. p 479-497. Sharma VK, Gaur YS. 1981. Nitrogen fixation by pesticide-adapted strains of paddy field cyanophytes. Int. J. Ecol. Environ. Sci. 7:117-122. Simpson IC, Roger PA, Oficial R, Grant IF. 1993a. Impacts of agricultural practices in aquatic oligochaete populations in ricefields. Biol. Fert. Soils 16:27-33. Simpson IC, Roger PA, Oficial R, Grant IF. 1993b. Density and composition of aquatic oligochaete populations in different farmers’ ricefields. Biol. Fert. Soils 1634-40. Simpson I, Roger PA, Oficial B, Grant IF. 1994a. Effects of fertilizer and pesticide management on floodwater ecology of a wetland ricefield: I. Experimental design and dynamics of the photosynthetic aquatic biomass. Biol. Fert. Soils 17:129-137. Simpson I, Roger PA, Oficial B, Grant IF. 1994b. Effects of fertilizer and pesticide management on floodwater ecology of a wetland ricefield: II. Dynamics of microcrustaceans and dipteran larvae. Biol. Fert. Soils 17:138-146. Simpson I, Roger PA, Oficial B, Grant IF. 1994c. Effects of fertilizer and pesticide management on floodwater ecology of a wetland ricefield: III. Dynamics of benthic mollusks. Biol. Fert. Soils. 18:219-227. Singh AL, Singh PK. 1988. Effect of herbicide application on Azolla cultivation with rice. In: Biofertilizers, potentialities and problems. Manila (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. p 131-137. Singh RP, Singh RK, Tiwari DN. 1986. Effect of herbicides on the composition of cyanobacteria in transplanted rice. Plant Prot. Q. 1(3):101-102. Sivasithamparam K. 1970. Some effects of an insecticide (“Dursban”) and a weedicide (“Linuron”) on the microflora of a submerged soil. Riso 19(4):339-346. Effect of herbicide use on soil microbiology 91
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DEDICATION To Keith Moody WEED SCIE
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The International Rice Research Ins
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Bioherbicides and weed management i
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ful insects caused adverse response
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The need to raise yields and mainta
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Any volume that dra
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Overview
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as more lucrative, full-time job op
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Table 3. Herbicide use in rice prod
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only 3.3:1. The benefit-cost ratio
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EFFECTS ON SOCIETY AND ECOSYSTEMS S
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mulate in soils and in water tables
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unds from the field into canals and
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tion. Even if herbicide mixtures ar
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plant pathogens for controlling gra
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spectrum herbicides glufosinate-amm
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De Datta SK. 1981. Principles and p
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Li KM, Li PZ. 1996. Effect of herbi
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Vongsaroj P. 1994. Weed control in
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i ce env ironments and how they res
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Soil fertility. Monochoria vaginali
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Such problems could be avoided by a
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Ho NK, Md Zuki I. 1988. Weed popula
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HERBICIDES IN UNITED STATES RICE PR
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LOSSES TO WEEDS IN U.S. RICE US. ri
Page 56 and 57: propanil, which remains the backbon
Page 58 and 59: 4. U.S. rice yields and adoption of
Page 60 and 61: 6. Use of herbicides to control bro
Page 62 and 63: 8. Thiobencarb and molinate transpo
Page 64 and 65: oping programs that curtail negativ
Page 66 and 67: Dunshee CF, Jones JW. 1924. Results
Page 68: Impacts of herbicides
Page 71 and 72: Pesticide users The pesticide user
Page 73 and 74: Table 3. Frequency of pesticide app
Page 75 and 76: Poly- Multiple Eye Pulmonary neurop
Page 77 and 78: (weight/height) had the expected ne
Page 79 and 80: Table 5. Anticipated health costs o
Page 81 and 82: When no consideration is given to h
Page 83 and 84: MAFF. 1991. Pesticides approved und
Page 85 and 86: and analyzed. We used this data bas
Page 87 and 88: soluble herbicide is distributed in
Page 89 and 90: of the rice herbicides thiobencarb
Page 91 and 92: germination because they compete fo
Page 93 and 94: in N 2 fixation and nitrate reducti
Page 95 and 96: Table 3. Effects of pesticides on n
Page 97 and 98: transformations in soils are studie
Page 99 and 100: Floodwater invertebrates Applicatio
Page 101 and 102: tally prevented photosynthetic acti
Page 103 and 104: CITED REFERENCES Almazan LL, Robles
Page 105: Mandal BB, Bandyopadhyay P, Bandyop
Page 110 and 111: IMPACT OF HERBICIDE USE ON THE ENVI
Page 112 and 113: Factors that reduce toxic risk Phys
Page 114 and 115: Table 3. Persistence in soil of ric
Page 116 and 117: One infamous herbicide spill occurr
Page 118 and 119: investigated because of the large,
Page 120 and 121: Given the current state of knowledg
Page 122: Way JM, Newman JF, Moore NW, Knaggs
Page 125 and 126: powder)—one-third the total amoun
Page 127 and 128: tants, however—such as cyanide an
Page 129 and 130: In both 1987 and 1988, 42 t of copp
Page 131 and 132: compounds such as the germicide Aso
Page 133 and 134: otation of one wet season, one dry
Page 136 and 137: ECOLOGICAL FORCES INFLUENCING CROP-
Page 138 and 139: may also vary with the resource use
Page 140 and 141: crease competitive ability into cro
Page 142: Tilman D. 1988. Plant strategies an
Page 145 and 146: Table 1. Important rice weeds in te
Page 147 and 148: 2. Costs of production of rice and
Page 149 and 150: covered only about 7,500 ha in 1993
Page 151 and 152: Table 5. Herbicide-treated area in
Page 153 and 154: Table 6. Dominant weed species in K
Page 155 and 156: cides in the mix. Most mixtures, wh
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Kim KU, Shin DH. 1993. Development
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INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT IN RICE
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after crop establishment) mostly co
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Table 2. Most common rice herbicide
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Table 4. Examples of rice herbicide
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portant where direct method options
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too wet. Optimum moisture is needed
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For direct-seeded rice, the availab
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visible effects. These methods are
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CITED REFERENCES Ampong-Nyarko K, D
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Jikihara K, Kimura I. 1977. Benthio
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Watson AK. 1992. Current status of
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1. Framework for planning and imple
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Baseline data The problems associat
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3. Filling vacant areas in the fiel
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emained the dominant weed, their in
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6. Cultural practices in the Muda a
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LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE PROGRAM St
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Ho NK, Md Zuki I, Asna BO. 1990. Th
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Using mycoherbicides involves apply
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Community education also is importa
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the crop of interest. This should i
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asically biological, technological,
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cause they are likely to be applied
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Similarly, the risks of bioherbicid
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Baki MM, Azmi M. 1992. Integrated m
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Matthews GA, Bateman RP. 1990. Appl
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Watson AK. 1985. Host specificity o
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vars as it was with very short-dura
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While it may not be possible to ide
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CITED REFERENCES Ahmad S, Majid A,
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USING BIOTECHNOLOGY IN GENETIC IMPR
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Molecular markers are being used ro
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use of herbicides as part of a rice
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A final strategy would be to use bi
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Rathore KS, Chowdhury VK, Hodges TK
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Putnam and Duke (1974) postulated t
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Visual ratings were made 7 wk after
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nels; and most of the genotypes tha
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Leaf Root Leaf Root Leaf Root Leaf
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One hypothesis is that rice plants
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Use of herbicides in Asian rice
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icides such as 2,4-D and butachlor
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lems, it has resulted in quantitati
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Reasons for herbicide selection Far
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Carey VP III, Talbert RE, Baltazar
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EXPERIENCE WITH RICE HERBICIDES IN
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2. Time spent weeding Japanese rice
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3. Area of Japanese ricefields rece
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4. Sequence of herbicide applicatio
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Table 6. Important weed species in
Page 268 and 269:
CURRENT PROBLEMS IN WEED MANAGEMENT
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DEVELOPING A WEED MANAGEMENT STRATE
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(Timmer et al 1983, World Bank 1993
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gets of plant growth regulators and
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in their role of implementing agric
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clearly needed if farmers are to av
Page 280 and 281:
Kuhrt WJ. 1992. The California grap
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Participants Dr. Heidi Albers Food
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Dr. Gurdev S. Khush International R
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