HERBICIDES in Asian rice - IRRI books - International Rice ...

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1988 1992 1,257,158 1,193,354 679,395 54.0 1,105,046 92.6 395,000 33.1 4,000 1993 1,168,648 1,111,127 95.1 572,756 49.0 7,589 Table 3. Rice planting methods in Korea, 1977-93. 1977 1982 Paddy rice (ha) 1,208,335 1,175,964 1984 1,226,475 1986 1,232,679 Planted with (ha) machinery (%) 218 133,716 0.2 11.4 229.933 21.9 365,000 29.6 Planted with (ha) infant seedling (%) – – – – – – – – Direct seeded (ha) – – – – Source: Kwon et al (1993).
covered only about 7,500 ha in 1993 (Table 3), about 70,000 ha of ricefields were expected to be direct seeded in 1994. Considering the cost savings, a further dramatic increase in direct-seeded hectarage is inevitable. Changes in planting method may be one of the most important ecological forces influencing changes in weed dominance and competition in ricefields. In particular, the switch from transplanting to direct seeding has caused a shift in the dominant weed species, to grass weeds which require new control measures (De Datta 1989, Moody 1992, Kim 1993a). Table 4 shows the effect of planting method on weed occurrence. Weed occurrence in dry-seeded rice was 3 times, and in infant seedling machine-transplanted rice 2.3 times, greater than in older seedling hand-transplanted rice. Echinochloa crus-galli and Cyperus difformis became the dominant species in dry-seeded rice; E. crus-galli and Scirpus juncoides in wet-seeded rice. The young, weak rice seedlings with shallow water management and earlier transplanting used in infant seedling transplanted rice encouraged weed growth more than using older seedlings in both machine- and hand-transplanted rice, although perennial weeds such as E. kuroguwai dominate in all three cultures. Crop variety. In most rice improvement programs, new varieties are developed under minimal weed, insect, and disease pressure. Little information on the competitive ability of new cultivars against weeds is available. However, more vigorous, faster growing, taller crop varieties are likely to be better competitors. Introduction of higher yielding, tongil-type cultivars (indica × japonica types) which were faster growing and more fertilizer-responsive than traditional cultivars helped Korea attain self-sufficiency in rice production in 1977. But those characteristics favored weed infestation. Now the tongil types are being phased out and conventional japonica cultivars have been reintroduced (in part, because Koreans prefer the eating quality of japonica rice). Table 4. Effect of planting method on weed biomass. Species Direct seeding Machine transplanting Hand trans- Dry Wet Infant Conventional planting Echinochloa crus-galli Scirpus juncoides Monochoria vaginalis Cyperus difformis Eleocharis kuroguwai Others Total Simpson’s diversity index 254 44 – 240 89 463 1090 0.865 200 206 6 144 94 201 851 0.793 49 217 22 6 290 41 625 0.657 32 81 6 6 140 30 295 0.687 29 144 6 0 72 18 269 0.631 134 Kim
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DEDICATION To Keith Moody WEED SCIE
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The International Rice Research Ins
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Bioherbicides and weed management i
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ful insects caused adverse response
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The need to raise yields and mainta
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Any volume that dra
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Overview
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as more lucrative, full-time job op
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Table 3. Herbicide use in rice prod
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only 3.3:1. The benefit-cost ratio
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EFFECTS ON SOCIETY AND ECOSYSTEMS S
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mulate in soils and in water tables
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unds from the field into canals and
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tion. Even if herbicide mixtures ar
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plant pathogens for controlling gra
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spectrum herbicides glufosinate-amm
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De Datta SK. 1981. Principles and p
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Li KM, Li PZ. 1996. Effect of herbi
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Vongsaroj P. 1994. Weed control in
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i ce env ironments and how they res
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Soil fertility. Monochoria vaginali
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Such problems could be avoided by a
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Ho NK, Md Zuki I. 1988. Weed popula
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HERBICIDES IN UNITED STATES RICE PR
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LOSSES TO WEEDS IN U.S. RICE US. ri
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propanil, which remains the backbon
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4. U.S. rice yields and adoption of
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6. Use of herbicides to control bro
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8. Thiobencarb and molinate transpo
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oping programs that curtail negativ
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Dunshee CF, Jones JW. 1924. Results
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Impacts of herbicides
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Pesticide users The pesticide user
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Table 3. Frequency of pesticide app
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Poly- Multiple Eye Pulmonary neurop
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(weight/height) had the expected ne
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Table 5. Anticipated health costs o
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When no consideration is given to h
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MAFF. 1991. Pesticides approved und
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and analyzed. We used this data bas
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soluble herbicide is distributed in
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of the rice herbicides thiobencarb
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germination because they compete fo
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in N 2 fixation and nitrate reducti
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Table 3. Effects of pesticides on n
Page 97 and 98: transformations in soils are studie
Page 99 and 100: Floodwater invertebrates Applicatio
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Page 103 and 104: CITED REFERENCES Almazan LL, Robles
Page 105 and 106: Mandal BB, Bandyopadhyay P, Bandyop
Page 107 and 108: Smith RJ, Flinchum WT, Seaman DE. 1
Page 110 and 111: IMPACT OF HERBICIDE USE ON THE ENVI
Page 112 and 113: Factors that reduce toxic risk Phys
Page 114 and 115: Table 3. Persistence in soil of ric
Page 116 and 117: One infamous herbicide spill occurr
Page 118 and 119: investigated because of the large,
Page 120 and 121: Given the current state of knowledg
Page 122: Way JM, Newman JF, Moore NW, Knaggs
Page 125 and 126: powder)—one-third the total amoun
Page 127 and 128: tants, however—such as cyanide an
Page 129 and 130: In both 1987 and 1988, 42 t of copp
Page 131 and 132: compounds such as the germicide Aso
Page 133 and 134: otation of one wet season, one dry
Page 136 and 137: ECOLOGICAL FORCES INFLUENCING CROP-
Page 138 and 139: may also vary with the resource use
Page 140 and 141: crease competitive ability into cro
Page 142: Tilman D. 1988. Plant strategies an
Page 145 and 146: Table 1. Important rice weeds in te
Page 147: 2. Costs of production of rice and
Page 151 and 152: Table 5. Herbicide-treated area in
Page 153 and 154: Table 6. Dominant weed species in K
Page 155 and 156: cides in the mix. Most mixtures, wh
Page 157 and 158: Kim KU, Shin DH. 1993. Development
Page 160 and 161: INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT IN RICE
Page 162 and 163: after crop establishment) mostly co
Page 164 and 165: Table 2. Most common rice herbicide
Page 166 and 167: Table 4. Examples of rice herbicide
Page 168 and 169: portant where direct method options
Page 170 and 171: too wet. Optimum moisture is needed
Page 172 and 173: For direct-seeded rice, the availab
Page 174 and 175: visible effects. These methods are
Page 176 and 177: CITED REFERENCES Ampong-Nyarko K, D
Page 178 and 179: Jikihara K, Kimura I. 1977. Benthio
Page 180: Watson AK. 1992. Current status of
Page 183 and 184: 1. Framework for planning and imple
Page 185 and 186: Baseline data The problems associat
Page 187: 3. Filling vacant areas in the fiel
Page 190 and 191: emained the dominant weed, their in
Page 192 and 193: 6. Cultural practices in the Muda a
Page 194 and 195: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE PROGRAM St
Page 196: Ho NK, Md Zuki I, Asna BO. 1990. Th
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Using mycoherbicides involves apply
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Community education also is importa
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the crop of interest. This should i
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asically biological, technological,
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cause they are likely to be applied
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Similarly, the risks of bioherbicid
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Baki MM, Azmi M. 1992. Integrated m
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Matthews GA, Bateman RP. 1990. Appl
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Watson AK. 1985. Host specificity o
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vars as it was with very short-dura
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While it may not be possible to ide
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CITED REFERENCES Ahmad S, Majid A,
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USING BIOTECHNOLOGY IN GENETIC IMPR
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Molecular markers are being used ro
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use of herbicides as part of a rice
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A final strategy would be to use bi
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Rathore KS, Chowdhury VK, Hodges TK
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Putnam and Duke (1974) postulated t
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Visual ratings were made 7 wk after
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nels; and most of the genotypes tha
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Leaf Root Leaf Root Leaf Root Leaf
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One hypothesis is that rice plants
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Use of herbicides in Asian rice
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icides such as 2,4-D and butachlor
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lems, it has resulted in quantitati
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Reasons for herbicide selection Far
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Carey VP III, Talbert RE, Baltazar
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EXPERIENCE WITH RICE HERBICIDES IN
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2. Time spent weeding Japanese rice
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3. Area of Japanese ricefields rece
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4. Sequence of herbicide applicatio
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Table 6. Important weed species in
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CURRENT PROBLEMS IN WEED MANAGEMENT
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DEVELOPING A WEED MANAGEMENT STRATE
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(Timmer et al 1983, World Bank 1993
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gets of plant growth regulators and
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in their role of implementing agric
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clearly needed if farmers are to av
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Kuhrt WJ. 1992. The California grap
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Participants Dr. Heidi Albers Food
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Dr. Gurdev S. Khush International R
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