HERBICIDES in Asian rice - IRRI books - International Rice ...

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USING BIOTECHNOLOGY IN GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF RICE FOR WEED MANAGEMENT G.H. Toenniessen Biotechnology is on the verge of significantly impacting agriculture. Transgenic crops already are being grown commercially in the United States, Canada, and China, and soon will be grown in other countries. New biopesticides, some genetically engineered to increase their effectiveness, are being tested as alternatives to chemicals for controlling insect pests, pathogens, and weeds. The rapidly advancing science underlying the biotechnology that enabled these breakthroughs can be expected to generate a continuing stream of new and improved technology. In work on improving cereal crops, research on rice has been at the forefront in developing relevant biotechnology. Many of the new techniques are being applied in rice breeding. Those applications have strong potential to contribute to the development of improved weed management in rice production. APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN RICE BREEDING Rice breeding involves two phases (Fig. 1). During the evolutionary phase, variable populations are produced. During the evaluation phase, desirable genotypes are selected from the variable populations. Traditionally, variability has been created by hybridization and, to a lesser extent, by utilizing mutation. Embryo rescue or somatic hybridization, somaclonal variation, and genetic engineering are biotechnology tools that enable wide hybridization and significantly expand the range of variability available to breeders. Genetic engineering, which involves the precise transfer of wellcharacterized cloned genes into rice, should greatly increase the predictability of generating desirable variability and help breeders attain goals not feasible using conventional techniques. A number of biotechnology tools can be applied in the evaluation phase. Anther culture is used to produce doubled haploids which help eliminate dominance variance. Molecular maps and markers of the rice genome are used to tag and follow the
1. Biotechnology tools for use in strengthening rice breeding. inheritance of genes for important traits, in particular quantitative traits and those that are difficult to score. Molecular maps and markers of the genomes of pests and pathogens can be used to characterize and monitor the structure and dynamics of their populations, enabling more effective selection and deployment of resistant plants. The use of both DNA-based genetic maps and markers and genetic engineering should contribute to the production of new varieties having characteristics which can be utilized in improved weed management. Rice genome maps and markers Rice is particularly well-suited to DNA-based genetic mapping. It is a true diploid, with one copy of most genes per haploid genome. It has a relatively high percentage (ca. 75%) of single copy DNA and a DNA content per cell smaller than that of any other grain species (Arumanagathan and Earle 1991). Two independently developed molecular genetic maps of rice are available. The one developed at Cornell University has more than 700 markers; they have been widely distributed throughout the world (Causse et a1 1994). The one developed by the Rice Genome Research Program in Tsukuba, Japan, has more than 1,500 markers; on request, they are available for research (Shomura et al 1994). The two maps have been correlated using reciprocal clone exchange. Together, they provide one of the best available resources for gene tagging and map-based gene cloning. 210 Toenniessen
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DEDICATION To Keith Moody WEED SCIE
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The International Rice Research Ins
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Bioherbicides and weed management i
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ful insects caused adverse response
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The need to raise yields and mainta
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Any volume that dra
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Overview
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as more lucrative, full-time job op
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Table 3. Herbicide use in rice prod
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only 3.3:1. The benefit-cost ratio
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EFFECTS ON SOCIETY AND ECOSYSTEMS S
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mulate in soils and in water tables
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unds from the field into canals and
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tion. Even if herbicide mixtures ar
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plant pathogens for controlling gra
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spectrum herbicides glufosinate-amm
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De Datta SK. 1981. Principles and p
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Li KM, Li PZ. 1996. Effect of herbi
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Vongsaroj P. 1994. Weed control in
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i ce env ironments and how they res
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Soil fertility. Monochoria vaginali
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Such problems could be avoided by a
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Ho NK, Md Zuki I. 1988. Weed popula
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HERBICIDES IN UNITED STATES RICE PR
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LOSSES TO WEEDS IN U.S. RICE US. ri
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propanil, which remains the backbon
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4. U.S. rice yields and adoption of
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6. Use of herbicides to control bro
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8. Thiobencarb and molinate transpo
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oping programs that curtail negativ
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Dunshee CF, Jones JW. 1924. Results
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Impacts of herbicides
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Pesticide users The pesticide user
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Table 3. Frequency of pesticide app
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Poly- Multiple Eye Pulmonary neurop
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(weight/height) had the expected ne
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Table 5. Anticipated health costs o
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When no consideration is given to h
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MAFF. 1991. Pesticides approved und
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and analyzed. We used this data bas
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soluble herbicide is distributed in
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of the rice herbicides thiobencarb
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germination because they compete fo
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in N 2 fixation and nitrate reducti
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Table 3. Effects of pesticides on n
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transformations in soils are studie
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Floodwater invertebrates Applicatio
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tally prevented photosynthetic acti
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CITED REFERENCES Almazan LL, Robles
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Mandal BB, Bandyopadhyay P, Bandyop
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Smith RJ, Flinchum WT, Seaman DE. 1
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IMPACT OF HERBICIDE USE ON THE ENVI
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Factors that reduce toxic risk Phys
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Table 3. Persistence in soil of ric
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One infamous herbicide spill occurr
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investigated because of the large,
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Given the current state of knowledg
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Way JM, Newman JF, Moore NW, Knaggs
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powder)—one-third the total amoun
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tants, however—such as cyanide an
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In both 1987 and 1988, 42 t of copp
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compounds such as the germicide Aso
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otation of one wet season, one dry
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ECOLOGICAL FORCES INFLUENCING CROP-
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may also vary with the resource use
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crease competitive ability into cro
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Tilman D. 1988. Plant strategies an
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Table 1. Important rice weeds in te
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2. Costs of production of rice and
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covered only about 7,500 ha in 1993
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Table 5. Herbicide-treated area in
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Table 6. Dominant weed species in K
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cides in the mix. Most mixtures, wh
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Kim KU, Shin DH. 1993. Development
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INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT IN RICE
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after crop establishment) mostly co
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Table 2. Most common rice herbicide
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Table 4. Examples of rice herbicide
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portant where direct method options
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too wet. Optimum moisture is needed
Page 172 and 173: For direct-seeded rice, the availab
Page 174 and 175: visible effects. These methods are
Page 176 and 177: CITED REFERENCES Ampong-Nyarko K, D
Page 178 and 179: Jikihara K, Kimura I. 1977. Benthio
Page 180: Watson AK. 1992. Current status of
Page 183 and 184: 1. Framework for planning and imple
Page 185 and 186: Baseline data The problems associat
Page 187: 3. Filling vacant areas in the fiel
Page 190 and 191: emained the dominant weed, their in
Page 192 and 193: 6. Cultural practices in the Muda a
Page 194 and 195: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE PROGRAM St
Page 196: Ho NK, Md Zuki I, Asna BO. 1990. Th
Page 199 and 200: Using mycoherbicides involves apply
Page 201 and 202: Community education also is importa
Page 203 and 204: the crop of interest. This should i
Page 205 and 206: asically biological, technological,
Page 207 and 208: cause they are likely to be applied
Page 209 and 210: Similarly, the risks of bioherbicid
Page 211 and 212: Baki MM, Azmi M. 1992. Integrated m
Page 213 and 214: Matthews GA, Bateman RP. 1990. Appl
Page 215 and 216: Watson AK. 1985. Host specificity o
Page 217 and 218: vars as it was with very short-dura
Page 219 and 220: While it may not be possible to ide
Page 221 and 222: CITED REFERENCES Ahmad S, Majid A,
Page 226 and 227: Molecular markers are being used ro
Page 228 and 229: use of herbicides as part of a rice
Page 230 and 231: A final strategy would be to use bi
Page 232: Rathore KS, Chowdhury VK, Hodges TK
Page 235 and 236: Putnam and Duke (1974) postulated t
Page 237 and 238: Visual ratings were made 7 wk after
Page 239 and 240: nels; and most of the genotypes tha
Page 241 and 242: Leaf Root Leaf Root Leaf Root Leaf
Page 243 and 244: One hypothesis is that rice plants
Page 246: Use of herbicides in Asian rice
Page 249 and 250: icides such as 2,4-D and butachlor
Page 251 and 252: lems, it has resulted in quantitati
Page 253 and 254: Reasons for herbicide selection Far
Page 255 and 256: Carey VP III, Talbert RE, Baltazar
Page 258 and 259: EXPERIENCE WITH RICE HERBICIDES IN
Page 260 and 261: 2. Time spent weeding Japanese rice
Page 262 and 263: 3. Area of Japanese ricefields rece
Page 264 and 265: 4. Sequence of herbicide applicatio
Page 266 and 267: Table 6. Important weed species in
Page 268 and 269: CURRENT PROBLEMS IN WEED MANAGEMENT
Page 270 and 271: DEVELOPING A WEED MANAGEMENT STRATE
Page 272 and 273: (Timmer et al 1983, World Bank 1993
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gets of plant growth regulators and
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in their role of implementing agric
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clearly needed if farmers are to av
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Kuhrt WJ. 1992. The California grap
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Participants Dr. Heidi Albers Food
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Dr. Gurdev S. Khush International R
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