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DEDICATION To Keith Moody WEED SCIE
Page 5 and 6:
The International Rice Research Ins
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Bioherbicides and weed management i
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ful insects caused adverse response
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The need to raise yields and mainta
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Any volume that dra
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Overview
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as more lucrative, full-time job op
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Table 3. Herbicide use in rice prod
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only 3.3:1. The benefit-cost ratio
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EFFECTS ON SOCIETY AND ECOSYSTEMS S
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mulate in soils and in water tables
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unds from the field into canals and
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tion. Even if herbicide mixtures ar
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plant pathogens for controlling gra
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spectrum herbicides glufosinate-amm
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De Datta SK. 1981. Principles and p
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Li KM, Li PZ. 1996. Effect of herbi
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Vongsaroj P. 1994. Weed control in
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i ce env ironments and how they res
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Soil fertility. Monochoria vaginali
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Such problems could be avoided by a
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Ho NK, Md Zuki I. 1988. Weed popula
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HERBICIDES IN UNITED STATES RICE PR
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LOSSES TO WEEDS IN U.S. RICE US. ri
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propanil, which remains the backbon
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4. U.S. rice yields and adoption of
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6. Use of herbicides to control bro
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8. Thiobencarb and molinate transpo
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oping programs that curtail negativ
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Dunshee CF, Jones JW. 1924. Results
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Impacts of herbicides
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Pesticide users The pesticide user
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Table 3. Frequency of pesticide app
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Poly- Multiple Eye Pulmonary neurop
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(weight/height) had the expected ne
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Table 5. Anticipated health costs o
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When no consideration is given to h
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MAFF. 1991. Pesticides approved und
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and analyzed. We used this data bas
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soluble herbicide is distributed in
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of the rice herbicides thiobencarb
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germination because they compete fo
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in N 2 fixation and nitrate reducti
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Table 3. Effects of pesticides on n
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transformations in soils are studie
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Floodwater invertebrates Applicatio
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tally prevented photosynthetic acti
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CITED REFERENCES Almazan LL, Robles
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Mandal BB, Bandyopadhyay P, Bandyop
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Smith RJ, Flinchum WT, Seaman DE. 1
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IMPACT OF HERBICIDE USE ON THE ENVI
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Factors that reduce toxic risk Phys
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Table 3. Persistence in soil of ric
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One infamous herbicide spill occurr
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investigated because of the large,
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Given the current state of knowledg
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Way JM, Newman JF, Moore NW, Knaggs
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powder)—one-third the total amoun
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tants, however—such as cyanide an
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In both 1987 and 1988, 42 t of copp
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compounds such as the germicide Aso
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otation of one wet season, one dry
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ECOLOGICAL FORCES INFLUENCING CROP-
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may also vary with the resource use
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crease competitive ability into cro
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Tilman D. 1988. Plant strategies an
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Table 1. Important rice weeds in te
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2. Costs of production of rice and
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covered only about 7,500 ha in 1993
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Table 5. Herbicide-treated area in
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Table 6. Dominant weed species in K
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cides in the mix. Most mixtures, wh
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Kim KU, Shin DH. 1993. Development
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INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT IN RICE
Page 162 and 163: after crop establishment) mostly co
Page 164 and 165: Table 2. Most common rice herbicide
Page 166 and 167: Table 4. Examples of rice herbicide
Page 168 and 169: portant where direct method options
Page 170 and 171: too wet. Optimum moisture is needed
Page 172 and 173: For direct-seeded rice, the availab
Page 174 and 175: visible effects. These methods are
Page 176 and 177: CITED REFERENCES Ampong-Nyarko K, D
Page 178 and 179: Jikihara K, Kimura I. 1977. Benthio
Page 180: Watson AK. 1992. Current status of
Page 183 and 184: 1. Framework for planning and imple
Page 185 and 186: Baseline data The problems associat
Page 187: 3. Filling vacant areas in the fiel
Page 190 and 191: emained the dominant weed, their in
Page 192 and 193: 6. Cultural practices in the Muda a
Page 194 and 195: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE PROGRAM St
Page 196: Ho NK, Md Zuki I, Asna BO. 1990. Th
Page 199 and 200: Using mycoherbicides involves apply
Page 201 and 202: Community education also is importa
Page 203 and 204: the crop of interest. This should i
Page 205 and 206: asically biological, technological,
Page 207 and 208: cause they are likely to be applied
Page 209 and 210: Similarly, the risks of bioherbicid
Page 211: Baki MM, Azmi M. 1992. Integrated m
Page 215 and 216: Watson AK. 1985. Host specificity o
Page 217 and 218: vars as it was with very short-dura
Page 219 and 220: While it may not be possible to ide
Page 221 and 222: CITED REFERENCES Ahmad S, Majid A,
Page 224 and 225: USING BIOTECHNOLOGY IN GENETIC IMPR
Page 226 and 227: Molecular markers are being used ro
Page 228 and 229: use of herbicides as part of a rice
Page 230 and 231: A final strategy would be to use bi
Page 232: Rathore KS, Chowdhury VK, Hodges TK
Page 235 and 236: Putnam and Duke (1974) postulated t
Page 237 and 238: Visual ratings were made 7 wk after
Page 239 and 240: nels; and most of the genotypes tha
Page 241 and 242: Leaf Root Leaf Root Leaf Root Leaf
Page 243 and 244: One hypothesis is that rice plants
Page 246: Use of herbicides in Asian rice
Page 249 and 250: icides such as 2,4-D and butachlor
Page 251 and 252: lems, it has resulted in quantitati
Page 253 and 254: Reasons for herbicide selection Far
Page 255 and 256: Carey VP III, Talbert RE, Baltazar
Page 258 and 259: EXPERIENCE WITH RICE HERBICIDES IN
Page 260 and 261: 2. Time spent weeding Japanese rice
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3. Area of Japanese ricefields rece
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4. Sequence of herbicide applicatio
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Table 6. Important weed species in
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CURRENT PROBLEMS IN WEED MANAGEMENT
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DEVELOPING A WEED MANAGEMENT STRATE
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(Timmer et al 1983, World Bank 1993
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gets of plant growth regulators and
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in their role of implementing agric
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clearly needed if farmers are to av
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Kuhrt WJ. 1992. The California grap
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Participants Dr. Heidi Albers Food
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Dr. Gurdev S. Khush International R
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