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etter chance for their acceptance (Powell 1990). The challenge is to adopt a more pragmatic research philosophy, one designed to create new approaches appropriate to the social environment of the less developed regions of the world. Recommendations • The validity of comparing bioherbicides with chemical herbicides should be rigorously challenged. The comparison is inappropriate and diverts attention from the specific characteristics of each product that are useful in integrated weed management. • The search for candidate bioherbicide agents should not be confined solely to indigenous pathogens but should also consider the use of new exploiter-target associations. • The effects of disease on weed biomass production and weed competitiveness should be the principal assessment criteria, not the degree of weed mortality. • Variance of any one candidate pathogen from the profile of the ideal bioherbicide should not be regarded as an insurmountable barrier to further progress. • A regional arrangement of cooperative research should be established to examine orphaned bioherbicides, with research directed at improving properties of a candidate pathogen that are considered impediments to its adoption. CITED REFERENCES Adalla CB, Rola AC. 1987. Participatory verification and generation of location-specific IPM technology involving farmers in Looc and San Juan, Calamba, Laguna, Philippines. In: Proceedings of a workshop on integrated pest management and integrated nutrient management in rice. July 1987, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. Adalla CB, Callo DP Jr, Atienza EC. 1987. Status of the national integrated pest management technology for rice, Oryza sativa, in the Philippines. In: Proceedings of a workshop on recent developments in IPM for priority crops in the Philippines. April 1987, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. Alstrom S. 1990. Fundamentals of weed management in hot climate peasant agriculture. Crop Production Science 11. Uppsala (Sweden): University of Agricultural Sciences. Altieri MA, Whitcomb WH. 1979. The potential use of weeds in the manipulation of beneficial insects. HortScience 14:12-18. Altman J, Neate S, Rovira AD. 1990. Herbicide-pathogen interactions and mycoherbicides as alternative strategies for weed control. In: Hoagland RE, editor. Microbes and microbial products as herbicides. ACS Symposium Series 439. Washington, D. C.: American Crop Society. p 240-259. Auld BA. 1993. Potential for bioherbicides in developing countries. In: Proceedings of the 10th Australian and 14th Asian-Pacific Weed Conference. Vol. 1, Brisbane (Australia). p 81- 83. Auld BA, Morin L. 1995. Constraints in the development of bioherbicides. Weed Technol. 9:638-652. Bioherbicides and weed management in Asian ricefields 195
Baki MM, Azmi M. 1992. Integrated management of paddy and aquatic weeds in Malaysia: current status and prospects for improvement. In: Biological control and integrated management of paddy and aquatic weeds in Asia. Tsukuba (Japan): National Agricultural Research Center. p 105-160. Bayot RG, Watson AK, Moody K. 1992. Control of paddy weeds by plant pathogens in the Philippines. In: Biological control and integrated management of paddy and aquatic weeds in Asia. Tsukuba (Japan): National Agricultural Research Center. p 273-283. Borromeo ES, Nelson RJ, Bonman JM, Leung H. 1993. Genetic differentiation among isolates of Pyricularia infecting rice and weed host. Phytopathology 83:393-399. Bowers RC. 1986. Commercialization of Collego —an industrialist's view. Weed Sci. 34 (Suppl. 1):24-25. Boyette CD, Quimby PC Jr, Connick WJ Jr, Daigle DJ, Fulgham FE. 1991. Progress in the production, formulation and application of mycoherbicides. In: TeBeest DO, editor. Microbial control of weeds. London (UK): Chapman & Hall. p 209-222. Cartwright RD, Templeton GE. 1988. Biological limitations of Protomyces gravidus as a mycoherbicide for giant ragweed, Ambrosia trifida. Plant Dis. 72:580-582. Charudattan R. 1988. Inundative control of weeds with indigenous fungal pathogens. In: Burge MN, editor. Fungi in biological control systems. Manchester (UK): Manchester University Press. p 86-124. Charudattan R. 1990. Assessment of efficacy of mycoherbicide candidates. In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, 1988. Rome (Italy): Istituto Sperimentale per la Patologia Vegetale, Ministero dell' Agricoltura e delle Foreste. p 455-464. Charudattan R. 1991. The mycoherbicide approach with plant pathogens. In: TeBeest DO, editor. Microbial control of weeds. London (UK): Chapman & Hall. p 24-57. Charudattan R, DeLoach CJ Jr. 1988. Management of pathogens and insects for weed control in agroecosystems. In: Altieri MA, Liebman M, editors. Weed management in agroecosystems: ecological approaches. Boca Raton (Florida): CRC Press Inc. p 245-264. Cother EJ. 1975. Phytophthora drechsleri: pathogenicity testing and determination of effective host range. Austr. J. Bot. 23:87-94. Cother EJ. 1992. Commensalism to synergism: the potential role for biological combinations in bioherbicides. Plant Prot. Q. 7:157-159. Cother EJ. 1994. Future management options for some Alismataceae weeds in temperate rice crops using a mycoherbicide. In: Proceedings of the international conference on temperate rice production. Vol 2. Griffith (Australia): Temperate Rice Conference Organizing Committee. p 425-432. Cother EJ, Gilbert RL, Pollock DC. 1994. First record of Rhynchosporium alismatis on Alisma lanceolatum and Damosonium minus. Australasian Plant Pathol. 23:46-49. Cother EJ, Gilbert RL. 1994. Efficacy of a potential mycoherbicide for control of Alisma lanceolatum and Damosonium minus in Australian rice crops. In: Proceedings of the international conference on temperate rice production. Vol 2. Griffith (Australia): Temperate Rice Conference Organizing Committee. p 417-424. Cullen JM. 1992. Prediction and practice in biological control. In: Proceedings of the First International Weed Control Congress. Vol. 2. Melbourne (Australia): Weed Science Society of Victoria Inc. p 137-140. David CC. 1991. The world rice economy: challenges ahead. In: Khush GS, Toenniessen GH, editors. Rice biotechnology. Wallingford (UK): CAB International and Manila (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. p 1-18. Dennill GB, Hokkanen HMT. 1990. Homeostasis and success in biological control of weeds - a question of balance. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 33:1-10. 196 Cother
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DEDICATION To Keith Moody WEED SCIE
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The International Rice Research Ins
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Bioherbicides and weed management i
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ful insects caused adverse response
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The need to raise yields and mainta
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Any volume that dra
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Overview
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as more lucrative, full-time job op
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Table 3. Herbicide use in rice prod
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only 3.3:1. The benefit-cost ratio
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EFFECTS ON SOCIETY AND ECOSYSTEMS S
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mulate in soils and in water tables
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unds from the field into canals and
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tion. Even if herbicide mixtures ar
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plant pathogens for controlling gra
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spectrum herbicides glufosinate-amm
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De Datta SK. 1981. Principles and p
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Li KM, Li PZ. 1996. Effect of herbi
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Vongsaroj P. 1994. Weed control in
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i ce env ironments and how they res
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Soil fertility. Monochoria vaginali
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Such problems could be avoided by a
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Ho NK, Md Zuki I. 1988. Weed popula
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HERBICIDES IN UNITED STATES RICE PR
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LOSSES TO WEEDS IN U.S. RICE US. ri
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propanil, which remains the backbon
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4. U.S. rice yields and adoption of
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6. Use of herbicides to control bro
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8. Thiobencarb and molinate transpo
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oping programs that curtail negativ
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Dunshee CF, Jones JW. 1924. Results
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Impacts of herbicides
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Pesticide users The pesticide user
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Table 3. Frequency of pesticide app
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Poly- Multiple Eye Pulmonary neurop
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(weight/height) had the expected ne
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Table 5. Anticipated health costs o
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When no consideration is given to h
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MAFF. 1991. Pesticides approved und
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and analyzed. We used this data bas
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soluble herbicide is distributed in
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of the rice herbicides thiobencarb
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germination because they compete fo
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in N 2 fixation and nitrate reducti
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Table 3. Effects of pesticides on n
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transformations in soils are studie
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Floodwater invertebrates Applicatio
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tally prevented photosynthetic acti
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CITED REFERENCES Almazan LL, Robles
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Mandal BB, Bandyopadhyay P, Bandyop
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Smith RJ, Flinchum WT, Seaman DE. 1
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IMPACT OF HERBICIDE USE ON THE ENVI
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Factors that reduce toxic risk Phys
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Table 3. Persistence in soil of ric
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One infamous herbicide spill occurr
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investigated because of the large,
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Given the current state of knowledg
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Way JM, Newman JF, Moore NW, Knaggs
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powder)—one-third the total amoun
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tants, however—such as cyanide an
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In both 1987 and 1988, 42 t of copp
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compounds such as the germicide Aso
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otation of one wet season, one dry
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ECOLOGICAL FORCES INFLUENCING CROP-
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may also vary with the resource use
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crease competitive ability into cro
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Tilman D. 1988. Plant strategies an
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Table 1. Important rice weeds in te
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2. Costs of production of rice and
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covered only about 7,500 ha in 1993
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Table 5. Herbicide-treated area in
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Table 6. Dominant weed species in K
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cides in the mix. Most mixtures, wh
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Kim KU, Shin DH. 1993. Development
Page 160 and 161: INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT IN RICE
Page 162 and 163: after crop establishment) mostly co
Page 164 and 165: Table 2. Most common rice herbicide
Page 166 and 167: Table 4. Examples of rice herbicide
Page 168 and 169: portant where direct method options
Page 170 and 171: too wet. Optimum moisture is needed
Page 172 and 173: For direct-seeded rice, the availab
Page 174 and 175: visible effects. These methods are
Page 176 and 177: CITED REFERENCES Ampong-Nyarko K, D
Page 178 and 179: Jikihara K, Kimura I. 1977. Benthio
Page 180: Watson AK. 1992. Current status of
Page 183 and 184: 1. Framework for planning and imple
Page 185 and 186: Baseline data The problems associat
Page 187: 3. Filling vacant areas in the fiel
Page 190 and 191: emained the dominant weed, their in
Page 192 and 193: 6. Cultural practices in the Muda a
Page 194 and 195: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE PROGRAM St
Page 196: Ho NK, Md Zuki I, Asna BO. 1990. Th
Page 199 and 200: Using mycoherbicides involves apply
Page 201 and 202: Community education also is importa
Page 203 and 204: the crop of interest. This should i
Page 205 and 206: asically biological, technological,
Page 207 and 208: cause they are likely to be applied
Page 209: Similarly, the risks of bioherbicid
Page 213 and 214: Matthews GA, Bateman RP. 1990. Appl
Page 215 and 216: Watson AK. 1985. Host specificity o
Page 217 and 218: vars as it was with very short-dura
Page 219 and 220: While it may not be possible to ide
Page 221 and 222: CITED REFERENCES Ahmad S, Majid A,
Page 224 and 225: USING BIOTECHNOLOGY IN GENETIC IMPR
Page 226 and 227: Molecular markers are being used ro
Page 228 and 229: use of herbicides as part of a rice
Page 230 and 231: A final strategy would be to use bi
Page 232: Rathore KS, Chowdhury VK, Hodges TK
Page 235 and 236: Putnam and Duke (1974) postulated t
Page 237 and 238: Visual ratings were made 7 wk after
Page 239 and 240: nels; and most of the genotypes tha
Page 241 and 242: Leaf Root Leaf Root Leaf Root Leaf
Page 243 and 244: One hypothesis is that rice plants
Page 246: Use of herbicides in Asian rice
Page 249 and 250: icides such as 2,4-D and butachlor
Page 251 and 252: lems, it has resulted in quantitati
Page 253 and 254: Reasons for herbicide selection Far
Page 255 and 256: Carey VP III, Talbert RE, Baltazar
Page 258 and 259: EXPERIENCE WITH RICE HERBICIDES IN
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2. Time spent weeding Japanese rice
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3. Area of Japanese ricefields rece
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4. Sequence of herbicide applicatio
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Table 6. Important weed species in
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CURRENT PROBLEMS IN WEED MANAGEMENT
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DEVELOPING A WEED MANAGEMENT STRATE
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(Timmer et al 1983, World Bank 1993
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gets of plant growth regulators and
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in their role of implementing agric
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clearly needed if farmers are to av
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Kuhrt WJ. 1992. The California grap
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Participants Dr. Heidi Albers Food
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Dr. Gurdev S. Khush International R
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