The ecology of eelgrass meadows in the Pacific Northwest: A ...

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Table 2. Distribution and extent of eelgrass growth in the Pacific Northwest. Extent of Location Size of estuary eelgrass growth Fe f erence ( bottm coverage) British Colunbia, Canada North cmst of Vancouver Island Mberts Bank Boundary Bay Haegele and Hamey 1982 -- Moody 1978 25 h2 Harrison 1979 (6,447 acres) : shares with Zostera japonica Washing ton Near Bellingham Drayton Harbor Birch Bay Lmi Bay Simenstad et al. 1979 Simenstad et al. 1979 Simenstad et al. 1979 Sari Juan Islands Numerous locations, part icularly around San Juan Is., Grcas Is. , mpez IS. Padilla Bay near Anacortes Fidalgo Bay near Anacortes Whidbey Island 77.6 km2 (20,000 acres) Significant Pryne 1979 stand -- Phillips 1981 -- Phillips 1972 Snohcmish Estuary 11.63 km2 40percentcov- Driscoll1978 (3,000 acres) ered by eelgrass met Sound proper 9 percent of Phillips 1972, 1974 bottm below MLLW Strait of Juan de Fuca Eeckett mint Wrt Williams Crescent Bay Simenstad et al. 1979 Simenstad et al. 1979 Phillips and Grant 1965
Table 2. (Continued) Extent of bation Size of estuary eelgrass growth Feference ( bottm coverage) - Canal Nearly contin- -- uous band around canal. Sane very large meadows. Phillips and Fleenor 1970 Willapa ~ay 347 h2 6,208 ha (15,520 Snith 1976; (74,207 acres) acres) ; signif i- Wilson 1981 cant stand Grays Harbor 95.5 q2 Significant Army Corps of (38 mi , stand; 4,455 ha Engineers ~ uly 1977a; 24,636acres) at MLUJ (11,000acres) of eelgrass; half Snith 1976 of this is in dense stands. There are 275 ha (680 acres) of - 2. japonica (Dense def iaed as 70 shoots/mL. knsity could be asfewa 7 Oregon Necanicun River -- Nehalem Bay -- Tillamook Bay -- shoots/m 2 .). Low to moderate percent of eelgrass Low to moderate percent of eelg rass Eloderate percent of eelgrass Proctor et al. 1980a Proctor et al. 1980a Proctor et al. 1980a Netarts Bay 612 ha (1,520 161 ha (395 Stout 1976; acres) tide- acres) on tide- Kentula 1983 lands and lands (48%; 329 ha (806 acres) sub 175 ha (429 acres) sulmerged merged (52%) Nestucca Bay -- Moderate percent Proctor et al. 1980a of eelgrass continued
Page 2 and 3: ~~~/0~-84/24 September 1984 THE ECO
Page 4 and 5: PREFACE Nearly half the population
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS PREFACE ..................
Page 8 and 9: FIGURES Number 1 2 ................
Page 10 and 11: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to acknowled
Page 12 and 13: Because eelgrass is a rooted plant,
Page 14 and 15: CHAPTER 1 THE PHYSIOGRAPHIC SETTING
Page 16 and 17: Table 1. Precipitation, temperature
Page 20 and 21: Table 2. (Concluded) Extent of mat
Page 22 and 23: CHAPTER 2 THE BIOLOGY OF EELGRASS 2
Page 24 and 25: Table 4. Field observations on eelg
Page 26 and 27: leaves overtopped them and created
Page 28 and 29: 1.0- influence the redox potential
Page 30 and 31: Oxygen There are Little data to ind
Page 32 and 33: enough, increased erosion of bottom
Page 34 and 35: The terms used to describe biomass
Page 36 and 37: estimates are reported on work done
Page 38 and 39: Figure 10. Eelgrass at Blakely Isla
Page 40 and 41: increase in p~), and the sediments
Page 42 and 43: particulate matter and DOM were hig
Page 44 and 45: Table 9. Nutrient content of eelgra
Page 46 and 47: ecause it is dominated by a single
Page 48 and 49: epibenthos, and other components al
Page 50 and 51: shorebirds). From a recent thorough
Page 52 and 53: pink shrimp, and bottom fish (Proct
Page 54 and 55: Table 13 a. (Continued) Phyltnn, cl
Page 56 and 57: Phylum, class, and Resident or Livi
Page 58 and 59: Table 13b. (concluded) Resident or
Page 60 and 61: Table 13c. (Concluded) Living Feedi
Page 62 and 63: eelgrass) , while 29 species were f
Page 64 and 65: (239,d9~,9(ii9 kg) (outram and Huln
Page 66 and 67: Washington State Game Dept., pers.
Page 68 and 69:
Table 15. Energy in various ccmpart
Page 70 and 71:
Export of whole by waterfowl Figure
Page 72 and 73:
storms erode and dislodge some eelg
Page 74 and 75:
CHAPTER 6 HUMAN IMPACTS-MANAGEMENT
Page 76 and 77:
apparent darnazje. IUllzomes and ro
Page 78 and 79:
great annual range of water tempera
Page 80 and 81:
1978, for all assumptions, formulat
Page 82 and 83:
Table 16. ( CDncluded) Spec ies yea
Page 84 and 85:
REFERENCES Rdarns, S.M. 197va. The
Page 86 and 87:
seagrass community. Pages 153-162 i
Page 88 and 89:
on current flow. Estuarine Coastal
Page 90 and 91:
Inst. Agric. Res., Tohoku Univ.: 13
Page 92 and 93:
In flvt. seayrasses, l'halassia McR
Page 94 and 95:
eelgrass (~ostera marina L. ) Phill
Page 96 and 97:
along the Strait of Juan de Fuca. N
Page 98 and 99:
diatom assemblages in Netarts Bay,
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