The ecology of eelgrass meadows in the Pacific Northwest: A ...

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FIGURES Number 1 2 .................... Eelgrass meadow in Puget Sound Effect of wave shock on rhizome mat of eelgrass, 22 February 1964. West side of Whidbey Island, Washington .............................. Map of the Pacific Northwest coastline showing the locations of the estuaries and river systems containing eelgrass ............................... Topographic and bathymetric features of the northeast Pacific ............................... Eelgrass (a) Vegetative plant (b) Part of spadix with mture seeds ............................. Relative productivity of eelgrass at varying temperatures ...... Sediment composition of four eelgrass beds in an Alaskan lagoon ... Oxygen changes in an eelgrass bed over time ............. Production of organic carbon and release of oxygen by eelgrass in Charlestown Pond, Rhode Island .................... Eelgrass at Blakely Island, San Juan Islands, kshington, showing very heavy epiphyte loads ........................ Proportional relations of standing crops and productivity in a North Carolina estuary: A. Relations among standing crops (in terns of carbon) or organisms in an estuary near Beaufort; B. Organic production by the mjor plants in the system ...... Oxic and anoxic detrital decomposition and the cycle of sulfur in seagra ss beds ............................ Vertical distribution of eelgrass epibiota .............. Dungeness crab (Cancer mgister) in-eelgrass bed in Puget Sound ... Kelp crabs (Pugettia gracilis) in eelgrass bed in Puget Sound .... Pycnopodia helianthoides in eelgrass meadow in Puge t Sound at tempting to extract a clam out of the bottom ................. Tubesnouts in eelgrass meadow, Puget Sound ............. Flounders moving into transplanted eelgrass, Puget Sound ....-. Eelgrass completely covered by Pacific herring eggs, British Columbia Canada..................... ........... Composite food wed characteristic of protected mud/eelgrass, shallow sublittoral habitats in northern Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan & Fuca ............................. Food web diagram of eelgrass at Grays Harbor, Mshington ...... Principal energetic pathways in an eelgrass meadow .......... Sand dollars m endr raster sp.) digging up eelgrass in Puget Sound . - vii
TABLES .................... Precipitation. taryeraturer and tidal data for selected locations in the pacific Northwest 3 Distribution and extent of eelgrass growth in the Pacific Northwest ................................. 5 Seasonal changes in leaf dimensions of eelgrass in Puget Sound. Washington ............................ 10 Field observations on eelgrass phenolqy in the Pacific Northwest ................................. 11 Calculations for methods of determining leaf growth and release ................................. 12 Numerical characteristics of eelgrass habitat factors .......... 14 Representative 12elyrass density and standing crop ............ 22 Prhnary production of ccmponents of the eelgrass ecosystem ........ 23 Nutrient content of eely rass 31 ....................... Comparison of elemental canposition of eelgrass and the mean .................................. 32 Bacteria in the eelyrass habitat ..................... 36 Thirty-six . nost abundant diatm epiphytes on eelgrass in the Yaquina Estuary. Oregon. and a mall list of epiphytes found in Puget Sound. Washington ..................... 38 List of invertebrates found in eelgrass meadows of the ~acif ic Northwst. arranged in functional categories ........... 40 List of fish found in eelgrass meadows of the Pacific wrthwest. arranged in functional categories ............... 43 List of birds found in eelgrass meadows of the pacific Northwest. arranged in functional categories ............... 45 waterfowl that use eelgrass meadows in the Pacific Northwest ....... 54 Energy in various ccrrpartments of an eelgrass bed in wrth Carolina .............................. 55 ........................ ~arvests and value of cormnerc ially important animals f ram eelgrass. Washington State 68 Page . viii
Page 2 and 3: ~~~/0~-84/24 September 1984 THE ECO
Page 4 and 5: PREFACE Nearly half the population
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS PREFACE ..................
Page 10 and 11: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to acknowled
Page 12 and 13: Because eelgrass is a rooted plant,
Page 14 and 15: CHAPTER 1 THE PHYSIOGRAPHIC SETTING
Page 16 and 17: Table 1. Precipitation, temperature
Page 18 and 19: Table 2. Distribution and extent of
Page 20 and 21: Table 2. (Concluded) Extent of mat
Page 22 and 23: CHAPTER 2 THE BIOLOGY OF EELGRASS 2
Page 24 and 25: Table 4. Field observations on eelg
Page 26 and 27: leaves overtopped them and created
Page 28 and 29: 1.0- influence the redox potential
Page 30 and 31: Oxygen There are Little data to ind
Page 32 and 33: enough, increased erosion of bottom
Page 34 and 35: The terms used to describe biomass
Page 36 and 37: estimates are reported on work done
Page 38 and 39: Figure 10. Eelgrass at Blakely Isla
Page 40 and 41: increase in p~), and the sediments
Page 42 and 43: particulate matter and DOM were hig
Page 44 and 45: Table 9. Nutrient content of eelgra
Page 46 and 47: ecause it is dominated by a single
Page 48 and 49: epibenthos, and other components al
Page 50 and 51: shorebirds). From a recent thorough
Page 52 and 53: pink shrimp, and bottom fish (Proct
Page 54 and 55: Table 13 a. (Continued) Phyltnn, cl
Page 56 and 57: Phylum, class, and Resident or Livi
Page 58 and 59:
Table 13b. (concluded) Resident or
Page 60 and 61:
Table 13c. (Concluded) Living Feedi
Page 62 and 63:
eelgrass) , while 29 species were f
Page 64 and 65:
(239,d9~,9(ii9 kg) (outram and Huln
Page 66 and 67:
Washington State Game Dept., pers.
Page 68 and 69:
Table 15. Energy in various ccmpart
Page 70 and 71:
Export of whole by waterfowl Figure
Page 72 and 73:
storms erode and dislodge some eelg
Page 74 and 75:
CHAPTER 6 HUMAN IMPACTS-MANAGEMENT
Page 76 and 77:
apparent darnazje. IUllzomes and ro
Page 78 and 79:
great annual range of water tempera
Page 80 and 81:
1978, for all assumptions, formulat
Page 82 and 83:
Table 16. ( CDncluded) Spec ies yea
Page 84 and 85:
REFERENCES Rdarns, S.M. 197va. The
Page 86 and 87:
seagrass community. Pages 153-162 i
Page 88 and 89:
on current flow. Estuarine Coastal
Page 90 and 91:
Inst. Agric. Res., Tohoku Univ.: 13
Page 92 and 93:
In flvt. seayrasses, l'halassia McR
Page 94 and 95:
eelgrass (~ostera marina L. ) Phill
Page 96 and 97:
along the Strait of Juan de Fuca. N
Page 98 and 99:
diatom assemblages in Netarts Bay,
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