The ecology of eelgrass meadows in the Pacific Northwest: A ...

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diatom assemblages in Netarts Bay, Oregon. Ph.D. Diss. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. 138 pp. Wiedemann, A.M., J. Dennis La Rea, and F.H. Smith. 1974. Plants of the Oregon coastal dunes. Oregon State University Book Stores, Inc., Corvallis . Williams, S.L., and C.P. McRoy. 1982. Seagrass productivity: the effect of light on carbon intake. Aquat. Bot. 12: 321-344. Wilson, D.P. 1949. The decline of Zostera marim L. at Salcombe and its effects on the shore. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc, U.K. 28: 395-412. Wilson, U.W. 1981. Monitoring eelgrass Zostera marina at Willapa Bay, Washington. Prog. Rep., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Refuge, Willapa and Washington Islands, National Wildlife Refuges. Ridgef ield, Wash. 3 pp. Witherby, H.F., F.C.R. Jourdain, N.F. Ticehurst, and B.W. Tucker. 1943. The handbook of British birds. Pages 210-215 in H.F. and G. witherby, eds. Vol. 3, Endon. Wolfe, D.A., G.W. Thayer, and S.M. Adams. 1976. Manganese, iron, copper, and zinc in an eelgrass (~ostera marina) community. Pages 256-270 in C.E. Cushing , ed. Radioecology and-energy resources. Proc. 4th Natl. Symp. Radioecology. Dowden, Hutchinson and Wss, Stmudsberg, Pa. Wolff, T. 198& Animals associated with seagrass in the deep sea. Pages 199- 224 R.C. Phillips and C.P. McRoy, eds. Handbook of seagrass biology: an ecosystem perspective. Garland STPM Press, New York. Wood, E.J.F., W.E. Odum, and J.C. Zieman. 1969. Influence of seagrasses on the productivity of coastal lagoons. Lagunas Costeras, un Simpsio. M a . Symp. Intern. Costeras. UNAM-IINESCO, Yoshinaka, M.S., and N.J. Ellifrit. 1974. Hood Canal-priorities for tomorrow: an initial report on fish and wildlife, developmental aspects and planning considerations for Hood Canal, Washington U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. 97 pp. Zapata, O., and C. McMillan. 1979. Phenolic acids in seagrasses. &pat. Bat. 7: 307-317. Zieman, J.C. 1968. A study of the growth and decommsition of the seagrass ~halassia-testudinum. M.S. ~h&sis. Univ. of Miami, Miami, Florida. 50 Zieman, J.C. 1974. Methods £or the study of the growth and production of turtlegrass, Thalassia testudinurn Kionig. Aquaculture 4: 139-143. Zieman, J.C. 1975. Tropical seagrass ecosystems and pollution. Chap 4 & E.J.F. Wood and R.E. Johannes, eds. Tropical marine pollution. Elsevier Oceanography Series 12. Elsevier Publ. Co., New York. Zieman, J.C. 1982. The ecology of the seagrasses of south Florida : a cmunity profile. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Sen. Program. FWS/OBS- 82/85. 158 pp. Zieman, J.C. and R.G. Wetzel. 19816. Productivity in seagrasses: methods and rates. Pages 87-115 &I R.C. Phillips and C.P. McRoy eds. Handbook of seagrass biology: an ecosystem perspective. Garland STPM Press, New York. Zieman, J.C., G.W. Thayer, M.B. Robblee, and R.T. Zieman. 1979. Production and export of seagrasses from a tropical bay. Pages 21-34 R.J. Living ston, ed. Ecological processes in coastal and marine systems. Marine sciences 10. Plenum Press, New York. :U.5. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFPICE: 1985-f71-149
--- SO272 -101 REPORT WCUMENTATION ' 1. REmRT * L - - PAGE ---- FWS/OBS-84/24 -- 7------ 4. nt~. a~ %*r~rt* L R*oon oat. The Ecology of Eelgrass Meadows in the Pacific Northwest: A September 1984 - - - Community Profile -- - --- -- - - 9. Author's Affiliation: . Pm~.ctlTask/Work Untt NO School of Natural and Mathematical Sciences - - - Seattle Pacific University Seattle, WA 98119 II Contraci(C) or CrantG) NO -.- -^ -- I 12. Sganwrfns Or~antxatlon NIm. and Addr8.s 13. Tyrn d Rsport h Per~od Covered National Coastal Ecosystems Team Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of the Interior Wa_s__h2jtpn2- DC- 20240 - --- -- --- - - - - -- - - 15. SuWwwenlav Holes -- --- -- - - This docutlient synthesizes the extdnt l i terdture pertinent to the ecology of eelgrdss beds of the Pacific Northwest: that part of the coast extending from Cape Flattery, WA, to Cage Mrndocino, CA. This report describes the physiographic setting of the eelqrass communi ty, the distribution of the yrass beds, autecology of the eelgrass in ternis of srowth and reproductive strdtegics and physiological requirerilents and functions. The ecological and Functional attributes ot the celgrass system or comrnunity are also described. This appt dach encompasses both detailed site descriptions and a broader overview of the eclyrass conir~lunity and its ecologic.al role within the estuarine cor~iplex. The final section discusses nidndqernent considerat ions and takes into account local issues and impact scenarios. ewrtptors eelgrass, Posterd rldrind -*- b. tdontlf,en/fhwn En0.d T~rrnl productivity, nutrient cycling, succession, epiphytes ( Unlimited L I i Unclassified 85 t - 3 -. 20. Srcurtrr Class (Thlr Precl 1 22. Prlct I ' Unclassified [See ANSI-239 la) OPTIONAL FORM 272 (4-771 I
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~~~/0~-84/24 September 1984 THE ECO
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PREFACE Nearly half the population
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CONTENTS PREFACE ..................
Page 8 and 9:
FIGURES Number 1 2 ................
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to acknowled
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Because eelgrass is a rooted plant,
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CHAPTER 1 THE PHYSIOGRAPHIC SETTING
Page 16 and 17:
Table 1. Precipitation, temperature
Page 18 and 19:
Table 2. Distribution and extent of
Page 20 and 21:
Table 2. (Concluded) Extent of mat
Page 22 and 23:
CHAPTER 2 THE BIOLOGY OF EELGRASS 2
Page 24 and 25:
Table 4. Field observations on eelg
Page 26 and 27:
leaves overtopped them and created
Page 28 and 29:
1.0- influence the redox potential
Page 30 and 31:
Oxygen There are Little data to ind
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enough, increased erosion of bottom
Page 34 and 35:
The terms used to describe biomass
Page 36 and 37:
estimates are reported on work done
Page 38 and 39:
Figure 10. Eelgrass at Blakely Isla
Page 40 and 41:
increase in p~), and the sediments
Page 42 and 43:
particulate matter and DOM were hig
Page 44 and 45:
Table 9. Nutrient content of eelgra
Page 46 and 47:
ecause it is dominated by a single
Page 48 and 49: epibenthos, and other components al
Page 50 and 51: shorebirds). From a recent thorough
Page 52 and 53: pink shrimp, and bottom fish (Proct
Page 54 and 55: Table 13 a. (Continued) Phyltnn, cl
Page 56 and 57: Phylum, class, and Resident or Livi
Page 58 and 59: Table 13b. (concluded) Resident or
Page 60 and 61: Table 13c. (Concluded) Living Feedi
Page 62 and 63: eelgrass) , while 29 species were f
Page 64 and 65: (239,d9~,9(ii9 kg) (outram and Huln
Page 66 and 67: Washington State Game Dept., pers.
Page 68 and 69: Table 15. Energy in various ccmpart
Page 70 and 71: Export of whole by waterfowl Figure
Page 72 and 73: storms erode and dislodge some eelg
Page 74 and 75: CHAPTER 6 HUMAN IMPACTS-MANAGEMENT
Page 76 and 77: apparent darnazje. IUllzomes and ro
Page 78 and 79: great annual range of water tempera
Page 80 and 81: 1978, for all assumptions, formulat
Page 82 and 83: Table 16. ( CDncluded) Spec ies yea
Page 84 and 85: REFERENCES Rdarns, S.M. 197va. The
Page 86 and 87: seagrass community. Pages 153-162 i
Page 88 and 89: on current flow. Estuarine Coastal
Page 90 and 91: Inst. Agric. Res., Tohoku Univ.: 13
Page 92 and 93: In flvt. seayrasses, l'halassia McR
Page 94 and 95: eelgrass (~ostera marina L. ) Phill
Page 96 and 97: along the Strait of Juan de Fuca. N
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