COI-Report-Somalia

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30 — EASO Country of Origin Information report — South and Central Somalia — Country overview encourage their daughters to go to school ( 135 ). On 6 September 2013, a large governmental campaign was launched to get more children into schools, the ‘Go 2 School’ initiative ( 136 ). The campaign evoked a reaction from Al‐Shabaab in Baraawe, arguing that the new curriculum would threaten Islamic faith ( 137 ). 1.5.2 Curriculum Since Somalia fell into anarchy in 1991, it has not had a national education curriculum. A large number of private and non‐governmental organisations have launched a variety of schools with their own curriculums ( 138 ). The present situation is summarised by the US Department of State as follows: ‘… a traditional system of Koranic schools; primary and secondary schools financed by communities, foreign donors; Islamic charity‐run schools; and a number of privately run primary and secondary schools and vocational training institutes. In many areas children did not have access to schools other than Koranic schools.’ ( 139 ) Since the formation of the new FGS in September 2012, steps have been taken to develop a unified national curriculum. An Education Sector Strategic Plan (2012-2016) was developed by the Ministry of Education with support from, amongst others, UNICEF ( 140 ). In May 2013, a coalition representing 1 130 private schools across Somalia presented a new curriculum that would serve as a blueprint for standardising primary and secondary instruction nationwide ( 141 ). The re‐launch of governmental universities and schools will be taken up after the national curriculum has been established ( 142 ). 1.5.3 Educational institutes and organisations The language of instruction at primary school may be Arabic, Somali, or English, depending on the supporting organisation. Most secondary schools use either Arabic or English, according to a report from 2008 ( 143 ). A range of international and local organisations (both Islamic and non‐religious) have long been active in the education sector. In the period from 1996 to 2009, SAACID ( 144 ), a Somali Non‐Governmental Organisation (NGO), had developed a network of primary, secondary and vocational schools in the Benadir and middle Shabelle region which was destroyed in the ongoing battles. SAACID’s current educational activities are focused on 13 free primary schools in Mogadishu, Lower Shabelle and Middle Shabelle. The enrolment of boys and girls in these schools is more or less equal ( 145 ). AMISOM has also been providing education for children and adults since 2010 ( 146 ). ( 135 ) Radio Ergo, More girls going to school in central Somalia, 18 March 2014 (http://www.radioergo.org/en/read.phparticle_id=1349) accessed 2 May 2014. ( 136 ) UNICEF, Massive campaign to get one million Somali children into school to be launched, 6 September 2013 (http://www.unicef.org/somalia/education_13315. html) accessed 1 May 2014. ( 137 ) Sabahionline, Al‐Shabaab: Somali educational improvements undermine Islam, 20 November 2013 (http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/ features/2013/11/20/feature-01) accessed 6 May 2014. ( 138 ) Hiiraan Online, Somalia to establish a unique national curriculum, 24 January 2014 (http://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2014/Jan/53002/somalia_to_establish_a_ unique_national_curriculum.aspx) accessed 1 May 2014. For a historical review of the education system, see: Cassanelli, L. & Abdikadir, F.S., ‘Somalia: Education in Transition’, Bildhaan, Vol. 7, 2008 (http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgiarticle=1066&context=bildhaan) accessed 6 May 2014. ( 139 ) US Department of State, Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 2013 - Somalia, 27 February 2014 (http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/ humanrightsreport/index.htmyear=2013&dlid=220158) accessed 27 May 2014. ( 140 ) UNICEF, The G2S Initiative: Educating for Resilience (2013‐2016), 2013 (http://www.unicef.org/somalia/SOM_resources_gotoschool.pdf) accessed 1 May 2014, p. 8. ( 141 ) The coalition comprises seven organisations: the Formal Private Education Network in Somalia (FPENS), the School Organisation for Formal Education (SOFE), the Somali Formal Education Network (SOFEN), the Somali Formal Education Link (SOFEL), the Schools Association for Formal Education (SAFE), the Formal Education Network for Private Schools (FENPS) and the Somali Education Development Association (SEDA). ( 142 ) Hiiraan Online, Somalia to establish a unique national curriculum, 24 January 2014 (http://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2014/Jan/53002/somalia_to_establish_a_ unique_national_curriculum.aspx) accessed 1 May 2014. ( 143 ) Cassanelli, L. & Abdikadir, F.S., ‘Somalia: Education in Transition’, Bildhaan, Vol. 7, 2008 (http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgiarticle=1 066&context=bildhaan) accessed 6 May 2014, p. 107; Sabahionline, Somali education coalition releases unified curriculum, 29 May 2013 (http://sabahionline. com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2013/05/29/feature-01)accessed 1 May 2014. ( 144 ) SAACID, or say‐eed in Somali, means ‘to help’. ( 145 ) SAACID.org, Education, s.d. (https://saacid.org/Education.html) accessed 2 May 2014. ( 146 ) AMISOM, ‘School days – AMISOM education takes off’, AMISOM Bulletin issue 5, 15 May 2010 (https://www.google.com/urlq=http://amisom‐au.org/%3F wpdmact%3Dprocess%26did%3DMTUuaG90bGluaw%3D%3D&sa=U&ei=rmRjU43jH6Oy0QXQ5YC4Dg&ved=0CEQQFjAG&sig2=zRsYlcOsrKgouBopJeaB4w &usg=AFQjCNEYtATFpie-2oUfRFs_s4eoycYgIA) accessed 2 May 2014.
EASO Country of Origin Information report — South and Central Somalia — Country overview — 31 The FGS requires Islamic instruction in schools, and exempts schools owned by non‐Muslims. Funding of the education sector is increasingly provided by the Arab world. Externally funded religious schools (madrasas or duqsi) provide cheap basic education and generally follow the Salafist ideology, especially in Al‐Shabaab controlled areas ( 147 ). In Mogadishu, some schools use books provided by Saudi Arabia and follow the Saudi curriculum, ‘which advocates and inculcates Wahhabism.’ This is, according to IPS, ‘a far more radical interpretation of Islam than the moderate Sufi school that older generation of Somalis follow’ and might result in a generation of more radical Somali Muslims ( 148 ). The Al‐Islah Islamic organisation and affiliated groups finance and administer Mogadishu University and many secondary schools in Mogadishu ( 149 ). Some parents have concerns about indoctrination by Islamists in such schools ( 150 ). Despite the ongoing conflict in Somalia, the number of higher education institutions has risen enormously, thanks to efforts from local communities, (Islamic and Western) NGOs, and the Somali diaspora. Between 2004 and 2012, 34 higher education institutes were established. There are at least six universities in Mogadishu, according to a researcher of the Heritage Institute for Policy Studies ( 151 ). The Somalia Academic Institutions Directory mentions nine universities in Mogadishu and South/Central Somalia ( 152 ). 1.5.4 Education under Al‐Shabaab In most districts under Al‐Shabaab control, there are few schools ( 153 ) which are often dilapidated buildings deprived of adequate sanitation facilities ( 154 ). In February 2011, Al‐Shabaab ordered several measures for schools under their control: boys and girls were not allowed to sit in the same classrooms anymore and all lectures had to stop ten minutes before noon, after which time teachers were to inculcate in their students the importance of jihad. In some schools, the use of the English language as the medium of instruction was banned, as was the use of school bells (which according to Al‐Shabaab sound like church bells) ( 155 ). In the following months, Al‐Shabaab banned English teaching altogether and forced teachers to teach in Arabic ( 156 ); it banned the teaching of Geography and History and, moreover, used schools to recruit young boys for their struggle ( 157 ). In November 2013, Al‐Shabaab cautioned residents of Baraawe that sending their children to school could harm their Islamic faith - arguing that Christian religion would be taught at these schools. According to residents, Al‐Shabaab tries to incite the population to defy the governmental plan to improve education nationwide ( 158 ). ( 147 ) US Department of State, International Religious Freedom Report for 2012 – Somalia, 20 May 2013 (http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index. htmdlid=208194&year=2012) accessed 27 May 2014. ( 148 ) IPS, Somalia Takes Teaching to the Extreme, 4 October 2013 (http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/10/somalia‐takes‐teaching‐to‐the‐extreme/) accessed 1 May 2014. ( 149 ) US Department of State, International Religious Freedom Report for 2012 – Somalia, 20 May 2013 (http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index. htmdlid=208194&year=2012) accessed 27 May 2014. ( 150 ) IPS, Somalia Takes Teaching to the Extreme, 4 October 2013 (http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/10/somalia‐takes‐teaching‐to‐the‐extreme/) accessed 1 May 2014. ( 151 ) Aynte, A., ‘The State of Higher Education in Somalia: privatisation, rapid growth and the need for regulation’, African Arguments [weblog] 22 August 2013 (http://africanarguments.org/2013/08/22/the‐state‐of‐higher‐education‐in‐somalia‐privatisation‐rapid‐growth‐and‐the‐need‐for‐regulation- %E2%80%9 3-by‐ abdi‐aynte/) accessed 2 May 2014. ( 152 ) University Directory Worldwide, Somalia Academic Institutions Directory (http://www.university‐directory.eu/Somalia/Somalia.html#.U2icLa1_tg8) accessed 1 May 2014. ( 153 ) CEWERU, From the bottom up: Southern Regions – Perspectives through conflict analysis and key political actors’ mapping of Gedo, Middle Juba, Lower Juba, and Lower Shabelle, September 2013 (http://www.cewarn.org/attachments/article/214/Somalia%20CEWERU%20Report%20Final.pdf) accessed 15 June 2014. ( 154 ) UNICEF, The G2S Initiative: Educating for Resilience (2013‐2016), 2013 (http://www.unicef.org/somalia/SOM_resources_gotoschool.pdf) accessed 1 May 2014, p. 7. ( 155 ) Africa Review, Al‐Shabaab outlaws mixed‐gender classrooms, 13 February 2011 (http://www.africareview.com/News/-/979180/1106594/-/hrnvccz/-/index. html) accessed 2 May 2014. ( 156 ) Somaliareport, Al‐Shabaab devastates education for kids, 25 October 2011 (http://www.somaliareport.com/index.php/post/1806/Al‐Shabaab_Devastates_ Education_for_Kids) accessed 2 May 2014. ( 157 ) Somaliareport, Al‐Shabaab bans teaching Geography and History, 16 October 2011 (http://www.somaliareport.com/index.php/post/1777/Al‐Shabaab_ Bans_Teaching_Geography_and_History) accessed 27 May 2014. ( 158 ) Sabahionline, Somali educational improvements undermine Islam, 20 November 2013 (http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/ features/2013/11/20/feature-01) accessed 6 May 2014.
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BZ-04-14-466-EN-C doi: 10.2847/3117
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