COI-Report-Somalia

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34 — EASO Country of Origin Information report — South and Central Somalia — Country overview Many private health care initiatives by Somali and international NGOs have been set up in recent years, including by Somalis returning from the diaspora ( 183 ). Other public health care is provided by humanitarian organisations. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has hospitals and mother‐and‐child clinics all over Somalia ( 184 ). AMISOM has clinics in Middle and Lower Shabelle and hospitals in Belet Weyne, Kismayo, and Baidoa ( 185 ). However, the withdrawal of Médecins sans Frontières (MSF), on 14 August 2013, has been a big loss for the Somali health care system. MSF provided many services all over South/Central Somalia (Mogadishu, Afgooye, Balcad, Diinsoor, Galkacyo, Jilib, Jowhar, Kismayo, Marere, and Burao), such as free primary health care, malnutrition treatment, maternal health, surgery, and preventive health care ( 186 ). There are no government‐run hospitals in Somalia, but international donors, such as Turkey, are supporting the rehabilitation of the health sector ( 187 ). There are no hospitals in Al‐Shabaab‐controlled areas either, and people in need of treatment may die due to restrictions on movement ( 188 ). In Mogadishu, there are general hospitals in Keysaney and Medina. A January 2013 UN OCHA map ( 189 ) showing health facilities in Mogadishu was considered to be still valid in November 2013, according to interlocutors of a Danish‐Norwegian fact‐finding mission (November 2013), to the exception of MSF which had left. In Kismayo, there is one hospital ( 190 ). Somalia has one of the highest mental illness rates. According to the World Health Organisation, one in three persons is affected as a result of the decades‐long conflict. Mental patients are often chained to trees or left to die. Mental care is provided in Habeeb Hospital, Mogadishu ( 191 ). 1.8 Socioeconomic and humanitarian situation 1.8.1 Socioeconomic situation Somalia’s economy has been in recession since the outbreak of the civil war, 23 years ago. According to a World Bank overview (2014), Somalia is among the five least developed countries out of 170 nations, as measured by the 2012 Human Development Index. Per capita GDP is estimated at USD 284 - against a sub‐Saharan Africa average of USD 1 300 per capita. 43 % live on less than 1 USD a day ( 192 ). One out of every 10 children die before their first birthday, and one out of every 12 women die due to pregnancy related causes. Only 30 % of the people have access to safe water ( 193 ). ( 183 ) IRIN, Building health systems from scratch in Somalia, 26 April 2013 (http://www.irinnews.org/fr/report/97927/building‐health‐systems‐from‐scratch‐in‐somalia) accessed 15 May 2014. ( 184 ) ICRC, The ICRC in Somalia, 13 August 2013 (http://www.icrc.org/eng/where‐we‐work/africa/somalia/overview‐somalia.htm) accessed 15 May 2014. ( 185 ) AMISOM, Humanitarian Work, s.d. (http://amisom‐au.org/mission‐profile/humanitarian‐work/) accessed 15 May 2014; Sabahionline, Somalia: Amisom Health Clinics Treat Somalis in Areas Liberated From Al‐Shabaab, 28 May 2013 (http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2013/05/28/ feature-02) accessed 15 May 2014. ( 186 ) MSF, MSF forced to close all medical programmes in Somalia, 14 August 2013 (http://www.msf.org/article243/msf‐forced‐close‐all‐medical‐programmes‐somalia) accessed 12 May 2014. ( 187 ) Landinfo/Udlændingsstyrelsen, Update on security and protection issues in Mogadishu and South‐Central Somalia, March 2014 (http://landinfo.no/ asset/2837/1/2837_1.pdf) accessed 26 May 2014. ( 188 ) NOAS, Persecution and protection in Somalia, A fact‐finding report by NOAS, April 2014 (http://www.noas.no/wp‐content/uploads/2014/04/Somalia_web. pdf) accessed 2 June 2014, p. 29. ( 189 ) UN OCHA, Mogadishu - Health Facilities and Implementing Partners, January 2013 (http://www.who.int/hac/crises/som/maps/somalia_map_health_facilities_ january2013.pdf) accessed 12 May 2014. ( 190 ) Landinfo/Udlændingsstyrelsen, Update on security and protection issues in Mogadishu and South‐Central Somalia, March 2014 (http://landinfo.no/ asset/2837/1/2837_1.pdf) accessed 26 May 2014. ( 191 ) Thomas Reuters Foundation, Mentally ill tied to trees and left to die in Somalia, 7 October 2013 (http://www.trust.org/item/20131007132825-oupwe/) accessed 15 May 2014; WHO, Mental Health in Somalia, 2 February 2011 (http://www.who.int/hac/crises/som/somalia_mental_health/en/) accessed 15 May 2014. ( 192 ) World Bank, Somalia Overview, last updated 4 April 2014 (http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/somalia/overview) accessed 12 May 2014. ( 193 ) UN OCHA, Humanitarian Bulletin Somalia January 2014, 19 February 2014 (http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Somalia%20 Humanitarian%20Bulletin%20January%202014.pdf) accessed 15 May 2014.
EASO Country of Origin Information report — South and Central Somalia — Country overview — 35 Somalia has a large informal economy, based on agriculture and livestock (40 % of GDP), money transfer services, and telecommunications. External (humanitarian) aid and remittances (which make up 35 % of GDP - the highest worldwide ( 194 )) are the key sources of income. Livestock, hides, fish, charcoal, sesame ( 195 ) and bananas are Somalia’s principal exports, while sugar, sorghum, corn, khat and processed goods are the principal imports ( 196 ). Mogadishu’s main market, Bakara, provides a large variety of goods, from food to electronic gadgets and weapons. Hotels continue to operate, protected by private security militias. Since Al‐Shabaab’s retreat from Mogadishu in August 2011, some parts of the city have seen a fast development with new gas stations, supermarkets, restaurants and hotels, and direct international flights. All over Somalia, an advanced system of wireless internet, money transfer services and mobile phones has been developed. Many diaspora Somalis have returned, some temporarily, some for good. Outside Mogadishu, economic growth has yet to take off, depending on the level of security ( 197 ). The UN Independent Expert, Shamsul Bari, remarked in August 2013: ‘After more than 20 tortuous years of armed hostilities, which still continue in some areas, Somalia has reached a turning point. While there is still a long way to go to return to normalcy, there are visible signs of change all around. The palpable improvements in the security situation in Mogadishu and in an increasing number of areas in the country is reflected in the return of an impressive number of people from the diaspora, including businessmen lured by the promises that have been made. Both international and United Nations flights to and from Mogadishu are full. Business activities and construction of buildings are on the rise. Though serious concerns remain about the security situation as a result, for example, of clan infighting in Kismayo and Jubaland, there are clear signs of hope in the air.’ ( 198 ) However, Somalia still faces many challenges in its economic reconstruction, such as good governance, capacity building, legislation and anti‐corruption measures ( 199 ). 1.8.2 Humanitarian situation Between 2010 and 2012, nearly 260 000 people, half of them children, died because of a severe famine that hit the central provinces of Somalia ( 200 ). Although the famine officially ended in February 2012, an estimated 3.7 million Somalis were still in urgent need of humanitarian assistance in June 2012 ( 201 ). The underlying causes of the famine were multiple: severe drought and several failed rainy seasons, the ongoing conflict, rapidly rising food prices, the restricted humanitarian access to the population, the ban on World Food Programme and other aid organisations by Al‐Shabaab in 2010 and the absence of adequate alternative aid to the people in Al‐Shabaab areas ( 202 ). According to the September 2013 UN Secretary General report on Somalia, the humanitarian situation had improved. This was ‘a result of improved security in pockets of the country, sustained assistance and favourable weather conditions’ ( 203 ). However, as of December 2013, 870 000 people were still unable to meet their basic food requirements without humanitarian assistance and a further 2.3 million only barely met their food needs and relied ( 194 ) World Bank, Somalia Overview, last updated 4 April 2014 (http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/somalia/overview) accessed 12 May 2014. ( 195 ) IRIN, Five challenges for Somalia’s economic reconstruction, 14 February 2014 (http://www.irinnews.org/report/99647/ five‐challenges‐for‐somalia‐s‐economic‐reconstruction) accessed 12 May 2014. ( 196 ) CIA, The World Factbook – Somalia, last updated 16 April 2014 (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the‐world‐factbook/geos/so.html) accessed 16 May 2014. ( 197 ) CIA, The World Factbook – Somalia, last updated 16 April 2014 (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the‐world‐factbook/geos/so.html) accessed 16 May 2014. ( 198 ) UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent Expert on the situation of human rights in Somalia, Shamsul Bari, 16 August 2013 (http://reliefweb.int/ sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/A‐HRC-24-40_en%20%281%29.pdf) accessed 16 June 2014, p. 18. ( 199 ) IRIN, Five challenges for Somalia’s economic reconstruction, 14 February 2014 (http://www.irinnews.org/report/99647/ five‐challenges‐for‐somalia‐s‐economic‐reconstruction) accessed 12 May 2014. ( 200 ) FAO Somalia, Mortality among populations of southern and central Somalia affected by severe food insecurity and famine during 2010-2012, 2 May 2013 (http://www.faosomalia.org/newsletters/Somalia_Mortality_Estimates_Final_Report_1May2013_upload.pdf) accessed 9 May 2014. ( 201 ) UN OCHA, ‘Horn of Africa Crisis: 2011-2012’, Reliefweb [online portal] (http://reliefweb.int/disaster/dr-2011-000029-ken) accessed 12 May 2014; UNHCR, Somalia factsheet, June 2012 (http://img.static.reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full%20Report_817.pdf) accessed 12 May 2014. ( 202 ) FAO Somalia, Mortality among populations of southern and central Somalia affected by severe food insecurity and famine during 2010-2012, 2 May 2013 (http:// www.faosomalia.org/newsletters/Somalia_Mortality_Estimates_Final_Report_1May2013_upload.pdf) accessed 9 May 2014; WFP, Somalia - Trend Analysis of Food and Nutrition Insecurity in Somalia 2007-2012, November 2012 (http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp254879.pdf) accessed 9 May 2014, p. 50-51. The Trend Analysis showed that an average of 2.4 million people was affected by food insecurity and famine (receiving food aid, fleeing to better areas, dying from hunger). ( 203 ) UN Security Council, Report of the Secretary‐General on Somalia (S/2013/623), 3 September 2013 (http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B- 6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_2013_623.pdf) accessed 12 May 2014; see also: FSNAU/FEWSNET, Acute malnutrition persists in Somalia while 870,000 people remain food insecure, 3 September 2013 (http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/joint_fews_net‐fsnau_technical_release_09_2013. pdf) accessed 12 May 2014.
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BZ-04-14-466-EN-C doi: 10.2847/3117
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