COI-Report-Somalia

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42 — EASO Country of Origin Information report — South and Central Somalia — Country overview Prior to 1991, Somali municipalities issued birth certificates, while marriage and divorce were registered at Sharia courts and death at hospitals ( 265 ). Since 1991, traders on Mogadishu’s Bakara Market and on other markets in Somalia have been producing birth and marriage certificates, ID cards and other documents using materials stolen from government offices after the central government collapsed, a system known as Abdallah Shideeye ( 266 ). 1.9.4 Other documents There is no comprehensive land registry system. According to one source, the government issues title deeds ( 267 ). Generally, however, land ownership is unregistered and cannot be proven with certificates or other reliable documentation ( 268 ). Nevertheless, former officials sell verifications of land ownership ( 269 ). Somali embassies issue ‘Go Home Somali Travel Documents’ allowing Somalis to enter Somalia without being in possession of a passport ( 270 ). ( 265 ) Landinfo, Report: Documents in Somalia and Sudan, 5 January 2009 (http://landinfo.no/asset/769/1/769_1.pdf) accessed 26 May 2014, p. 8-9. ( 266 ) Sabahionline, Somalia takes steps to combat forgery business, 24 January 2014 (http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2013/01/24/ feature-02) accessed 26 May 2014; Hiiraan Online, Somalia introduces biometric ID cards, 5 February 2014 (http://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2014/Feb/53175/ somalia_introduces_biometric_id_cards.aspx#sthash.c6II9IFt.T1Qyz2DR.dpbs) accessed 26 June 2014. ( 267 ) Landinfo/Udlændingsstyrelsen, Security and protection in Mogadishu and South‐Central Somalia, May 2013 (http://www.nyidanmark.dk/NR/ rdonlyres/6F1A29C6-2F84-40D2-BDE4-42F69897EEC3/0/security_and_protection_in_somalia_may_2013.pdf) accessed 27 May 2014, p. 57. ( 268 ) IRB Canada, Somalia: Birth registration, including the issuance of birth certificates; the registration of children attending school; title deeds; whether the owner of a home or business must obtain a title deed (2009-June 2013), 26 June 2014 (http://www.refworld.org/docid/51e4fdd34.html) accessed 28 May 2014; The Guardian, ‘Mogadishu is like Manhattan’: Somalis return home to accelerate progress, 11 January 2013 (http://www.theguardian.com/ global‐development/2013/jan/11/mogadishu‐manhattan‐somalis‐return‐progress) accessed 28 May 2014; The Heritage Institute, Hasty Repatriation. Kenya’s attempt to send Somali refugees home, February 2013 (http://gallery.mailchimp.com/19679cf7708fe9b4e9f72c846/files/Heritage_Institute_ Hasty_Repatriation.pdf) accessed 28 May 2014, p. 21. ( 269 ) The Heritage Institute, Hasty Repatriation. Kenya’s attempt to send Somali refugees home, February 2013 (http://gallery.mailchimp. com/19679cf7708fe9b4e9f72c846/files/Heritage_Institute_Hasty_Repatriation.pdf) accessed 28 May 2014, p. 21. ( 270 ) Landinfo/Udlændingsstyrelsen, Security and protection in Mogadishu and South‐Central Somalia, May 2013 (http://www.nyidanmark.dk/NR/ rdonlyres/6F1A29C6-2F84-40D2-BDE4-42F69897EEC3/0/security_and_protection_in_somalia_may_2013.pdf) accessed 27 May 2014, p. 57.
EASO Country of Origin Information report — South and Central Somalia — Country overview — 43 2. Clan system and ethnic groups 2.1 Majority Clans According to a renowned expert on Somalia and professor of anthropology: ’The clan system is the most important constituent social factor among the nomadic‐pastoralist Somalis’ ( 271 ).The clans function as sub‐ethnicities of the Somali nation. Clan affiliation is the main identity‐providing factor within the Somali nation ( 272 ). The clan system matters for all functions of society, even for the structure of the government ( 273 ). Somalis usually know their exact position within the clan system, including in urban Mogadishu ( 274 ). The clan system is patrilinear and hierarchically structured. It can be differentiated into several levels: clan family, clan, sub‐clan (sometimes also sub‐sub‐clan), primary lineage and mag or diya paying group ( 275 ). Clans are led by leaders and elders. On higher levels, these leaders are called suldaan, ugaas or issim. Their role is mainly judicial and representative. Elders (oday) on lower levels (mag paying groups) regulate access to shared resources and are involved in conflict resolution. Due to the absence of functioning state structures in parts of Somalia, the clans and their elders have regained a political function and a substantial influence on the organisation of society. However, clans have no centralised administration or government ( 276 ). During the civil war, clan elders increasingly became targets of violence, which eroded their power. Nevertheless, they still have a significant influence on society and politics ( 277 ). The ‘noble’ clan families trace their origin back to a mythical common ancestor called Samaal, who is said to be descended from the Prophet Mohammed. These groups are nomadic pastoralists. The clan family is the highest level of clanship. Its members can count up to 30 generations back to a common ancestor. The four ‘noble’ (Samaale) clan families are the following: • The Darod are usually divided into three major groups: Ogaden, Marehan and Harti. The Harti are a federation of three clans: the Majerteen are the main clan in Puntland; the Dulbahante and Warsangeli live in the disputed border areas between Puntland and Somaliland. The Ogaden are the most important Somali clan in Ethiopia, but also quite influential in both Jubba regions, while the Marehan are present in South and Central Somalia. • The Hawiye mainly live in South/Central Somalia. Their most influential subdivisions are the Abgal and Habr Gedir, which are both dominant in Mogadishu. • The Dir settle mainly in western Somaliland and in some pockets of South/Central Somalia. The main clans are the Issa, Gadabursi (both in Somaliland and bordering regions of Ethiopia and Djibouti) and the Biyomaal (in southern Somalia). ( 271 ) Lewis, I. M., A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa, James Currey Publishers, Oxford, 1999 (reprint), p. 4; Gundel, J., The predicament of the ‘Oday’. The role of traditional structures in security, rights, law and development in Somalia, November 2006 (http://logcluster.org/sites/default/files/documents/Gundel_The%2520role%2520of%2520traditional%2520structures.pdf) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 4-5. ( 272 ) Besteman, C., Public History and Private Knowledge: On Disputed History in Southern Somalia, Duke University Press, Durham, 1993, p. 567; ISS Africa, The Somalia Conflict. Implications for peacemaking and peacekeeping efforts, September 2009 (http://www.issafrica.org/uploads/P198.PDF) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 3. ( 273 ) Lifos (Migrationsverket), Government and Clan system in Somalia. Report from Fact Finding Mission to Nairobi, Kenya, and Mogadishu, Hargeisa and Boosaaso in Somalia in June 2012, 5 March 2013 (http://lifos.migrationsverket.se/dokumentdocumentSummaryId=29575) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 32; BAMF, Minderheiten in Somalia, July 2010 (https://milo.bamf.de/milop/livelink.exe/fetch/2000/702450/683266/693991/697672/697677/6029534/13604856/13565580/ Deutschland___Bundesamt_f%C3%BCr_Migration_und_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge,_Minderheiten_in_Somalia,_Juli_2010.pdfnodeid=13904432&vernum=-2) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 1. ( 274 ) Lifos (Migrationsverket), Abtirsiimo och abtirsiin – upräkning av sin somaliska klanlinje, 24 May 2013 (http://lifos.migrationsverket.se/dokumentdocume ntSummaryId=30344) accessed 10 June 2014; Abbink, J., ‘The total Somali clan genealogy (second edition)’, ASCO Working Paper 84/2009, 2009 (https:// openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/14007) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 1; Lifos (Migrationsverket), Government and Clan system in Somalia. Report from Fact Finding Mission to Nairobi, Kenya, and Mogadishu, Hargeisa and Boosaaso in Somalia in June 2012, 5 March 2013 (http://lifos.migrationsverket.se/dok umentdocumentSummaryId=29575) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 22. ( 275 ) Lewis, I. M., A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa, James Currey Publishers, Oxford, 1999 (reprint), p. 4; Gundel, J., The predicament of the ‘Oday’. The role of traditional structures in security, rights, law and development in Somalia, November 2006 (http://logcluster.org/sites/default/files/documents/Gundel_The%2520role%2520of%2520traditio nal%2520structures.pdf) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 4-5; BAMF, Minderheiten in Somalia, July 2010 (https://milo.bamf.de/milop/livelink.exe/fe tch/2000/702450/683266/693991/697672/697677/6029534/13604856/13565580/Deutschland___Bundesamt_f%C3%BCr_Migration_und_ Fl%C3%BCchtlinge,_Minderheiten_in_Somalia,_Juli_2010.pdfnodeid=13904432&vernum=-2) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 1. ( 276 ) Gundel, J., The predicament of the ‘Oday’. The role of traditional structures in security, rights, law and development in Somalia, November 2006 (http:// logcluster.org/sites/default/files/documents/Gundel_The%2520role%2520of%2520traditional%2520structures.pdf) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 5-6. ( 277 ) IGC, Somalia: to move beyond the failed state, 23 December 2008 (http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/horn‐of‐africa/somalia/147-somalia‐to‐m ove‐beyond‐the‐failed‐state.aspx) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 4.
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BZ-04-14-466-EN-C doi: 10.2847/3117
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COI-Report-Somalia

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