COI-Report-Somalia

More documents

Recommendations

Info

56 — EASO Country of Origin Information report — South and Central Somalia — Country overview best in rural areas ( 380 ). Many clans are no longer armed, which reduces their power ( 381 ). Still, vulnerability is closely linked to clan or group affiliation (but not only) ( 382 ). In the regions of South/Central Somalia, where Al‐Shabaab has been driven away, clan rule has largely been reinstated. This also means that some minorities which had been brought to a powerful position by Al‐Shabaab are weak again ( 383 ). Due to lawlessness, a worsened security situation and a weaker administration, clan protection is more important in South/Central Somalia than in relatively stable Somaliland and Puntland ( 384 ). The lawlessness in South/Central Somalia, however, also led to the introduction of the Sharia as a way to deal with crimes, since the paying of mag may not be considered sufficient and capital punishment is used instead ( 385 ). The clans’ ability to provide protection has diminished in Mogadishu since the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) took over the administration of the capital, but even more so in the past four years. Before the ICU, the city was dominated by warlords and their clan militia. In recent years, however, AMISOM, the Somali Army and Police have tried to take charge of security and safety, while clans no longer protect individuals. Clan elders are still involved in conflict resolution ( 386 ), but there is almost no more risk of attacks or persecution due to clan affiliation ( 387 ). According to several sources, clan affiliation has lost importance in terms of protection. Still, affiliation matters, for example to people in power, and for several clans it is still decisive. For members of the Hawiye groups originating from Mogadishu, clan issues do not matter. But for members of other Somali clans, such as Darod, and for IDPs, clan protection remains very important ( 388 ). Many militias which have been integrated into the Somali army retain loyalty to their clan ( 389 ) or are even still considered clan militia ( 390 ). In addition, policemen owe their position largely to clan and family affiliation ( 391 ). In political, social and economic matters, clans are still important, marginalising minorities and IDPs. In all districts of Mogadishu, one clan is dominant, even if the population is mixed. Inhabitants usually live in an area where their clan is located ( 392 ). Overall, the most influential clan is Hawiye/Abgal ( 393 ). In Mogadishu, clans no longer support ( 380 ) Landinfo/Udlændingsstyrelsen, Security and human rights issues in South‐Central Somalia, including Mogadishu, April 2012 (http://www.nyidanmark.dk/ NR/rdonlyres/68C10A22-BFFC-4BD6-899D-60FB6B0F7AC5/0/FFMSomalia2013Final.pdf) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 74-76; Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken (The Netherlands), Algemeen ambtsbericht Somalië, 19 December 2013 (http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/bestanden/documenten‐en‐publicaties/ ambtsberichten/2013/12/19/algemeen‐ambtsbericht‐somalie-2013-12-19/algemeen‐ambtsbericht‐somalie‐december-2013.pdf) accessed 27 May 2014, p. 30; Lifos (Migrationsverket), Government and Clan system in Somalia. Report from Fact Finding Mission to Nairobi, Kenya, and Mogadishu, Hargeisa and Boosaaso in Somalia in June 2012, 5 March 2013 (http://lifos.migrationsverket.se/dokumentdocumentSummaryId=29575) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 23. ( 381 ) Landinfo, Temanotat Somalia: Beskyttelse og konfliktløsningsmekanismer, 6 July 2012 (http://landinfo.no/asset/2109/1/2109_1.pdf) 10 June 2014, p. 9. ( 382 ) Landinfo, Somalia: Protection and conflict resolution mechanisms, 2 June 2009 (http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1058/1/1058_1.pdf) accessed 10 June 2014. ( 383 ) Lifos (Migrationsverket), Government and Clan system in Somalia. Report from Fact Finding Mission to Nairobi, Kenya, and Mogadishu, Hargeisa and Boosaaso in Somalia in June 2012, 5 March 2013 (http://lifos.migrationsverket.se/dokumentdocumentSummaryId=29575) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 23-24. ( 384 ) Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken (The Netherlands), Algemeen ambtsbericht Somalië, 19 December 2013 (http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/bestanden/ documenten‐en‐publicaties/ambtsberichten/2013/12/19/algemeen‐ambtsbericht‐somalie-2013-12-19/algemeen‐ambtsbericht‐somalie‐december-2013. pdf) accessed 27 May 2014, p. 30. ( 385 ) ACCORD, Clans in Somalia. Report on a Lecture by Joakim Gundel, December 2009 (http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/90_1261130976_ accord‐report‐clans‐in‐somalia‐revised‐edition-20091215.pdf) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 23. ( 386 ) Landinfo, Temanotat Somalia: Sikkerhet og beskyttelse i Mogadishu, 12 June 2013 (http://landinfo.no/asset/2417/1/2417_1.pdf) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 10; Lifos (Migrationsverket), Government and Clan system in Somalia. Report from Fact Finding Mission to Nairobi, Kenya, and Mogadishu, Hargeisa and Boosaaso in Somalia in June 2012, 5 March 2013 (http://lifos.migrationsverket.se/dokumentdocumentSummaryId=29575) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 21; Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken (The Netherlands), Algemeen ambtsbericht Somalië, 19 December 2013 (http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/bestanden/ documenten‐en‐publicaties/ambtsberichten/2013/12/19/algemeen‐ambtsbericht‐somalie-2013-12-19/algemeen‐ambtsbericht‐somalie‐december-2013. pdf) accessed 27 May 2014, p. 30. ( 387 ) Landinfo, Temanotat Somalia: Sikkerhet og beskyttelse i Mogadishu, 12 June 2013 (http://landinfo.no/asset/2417/1/2417_1.pdf) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 10; Landinfo/Udlændingsstyrelsen, Update on security and protection issues in Mogadishu and South‐Central Somalia, March 2014 (http://landinfo.no/ asset/2837/1/2837_1.pdf) accessed 26 May 2014, p. 35-36. ( 388 ) Landinfo/Udlændingsstyrelsen, Update on security and protection issues in Mogadishu and South‐Central Somalia, March 2014 (http://landinfo.no/ asset/2837/1/2837_1.pdf) accessed 26 May 2014, p. 35-36. ( 389 ) AI (Amnesty International), Mogadishu cannot qualify as an Internal Flight Alternative, 26 September 2013 (http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ AFR52/012/2013/en/77726de8-a461-430f‐bdd5-3962e6342ccf/afr520122013en.pdf) accessed 5 June 2014. ( 390 ) Landinfo/Udlændingsstyrelsen, Update on security and protection issues in Mogadishu and South‐Central Somalia, March 2014 (http://landinfo.no/ asset/2837/1/2837_1.pdf) accessed 26 May 2014, p. 35. ( 391 ) US Department of State, Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 2013 - Somalia, 27 February 2014 (http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/ humanrightsreport/index.htmyear=2013&dlid=220158) accessed 27 May 2014, p. 7. ( 392 ) Landinfo/Udlændingsstyrelsen, Update on security and protection issues in Mogadishu and South‐Central Somalia, March 2014 (http://landinfo.no/ asset/2837/1/2837_1.pdf) accessed 26 May 2014, p. 35-36; Lifos (Migrationsverket), Government and Clan system in Somalia. Report from Fact Finding Mission to Nairobi, Kenya, and Mogadishu, Hargeisa and Boosaaso in Somalia in June 2012, 5 March 2013 (http://lifos.migrationsverket.se/dokumentdoc umentSummaryId=29575) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 21; Landinfo, Temanotat Somalia: Sikkerhet og beskyttelse i Mogadishu, 12 June 2013 (http://landinfo. no/asset/2417/1/2417_1.pdf) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 11. ( 393 ) Lifos (Migrationsverket), Government and Clan system in Somalia. Report from Fact Finding Mission to Nairobi, Kenya, and Mogadishu, Hargeisa and Boosaaso in Somalia in June 2012, 5 March 2013 (http://lifos.migrationsverket.se/dokumentdocumentSummaryId=29575) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 21.
EASO Country of Origin Information report — South and Central Somalia — Country overview — 57 their members in economic/livelihood problems however. Only the nuclear family still fulfills this duty ( 394 ). On the other hand, money can compensate for lacking clan ties or protection. Good contacts to wealthy businessmen or politically influential people increase protection ( 395 ), while traditional elders have lost influence ( 396 ). According to several sources, clan protection in areas controlled by Al‐Shabaab is limited, but not inexistent ( 397 ). Depending on circumstances, even in these areas, clans may be able to provide protection. Being member of a majority clan may increase the security of an individual ( 398 ). According to a report by the Swedish Migration Board, however, clan protection does not work in areas controlled by Al‐Shabaab ( 399 ). Al‐Shabaab generally tries to limit clan power and control clan elders. Islamists have killed traditional elders who refused to follow their orders and removed elders from power ( 400 ). There are different factions within Al‐Shabaab and the faction to which one belongs can be influenced or determined by clan affiliation. Frictions between these factions cause clan affiliations to regain importance ( 401 ). The influence of clan protection mechanisms also depends on the issue and whether and how Al‐Shabaab interferes ( 402 ). In issues concerning ideology, religion or politics, clan protection is not available, while clans retain influence on conflict resolution regarding land or water rights ( 403 ). Women deprived of a male network, and thus without clan protection, are vulnerable and not safe, even in Mogadishu. The patriarchal clan system and the xeer do not offer protection for women against domestic violence ( 404 ). For more information on the situation of women, see section 4.4.1. ( 394 ) Landinfo/Udlændingsstyrelsen, Security and protection in Mogadishu and South‐Central Somalia, May 2013 (http://www.nyidanmark.dk/NR/ rdonlyres/6F1A29C6-2F84-40D2-BDE4-42F69897EEC3/0/security_and_protection_in_somalia_may_2013.pdf) accessed 27 May 2014, p. 10, 32; UNHCR, International Protection Considerations with Regard to People fleeing Southern and Central Somalia, 17 January 2014 (http://www.refworld.org/ docid/52d7fc5f4.html) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 8. ( 395 ) Landinfo/Udlændingsstyrelsen, Update on security and human rights issues in South‐Central Somalia, including Mogadishu, January 2013 (http://landinfo. no/asset/2319/1/2319_1.pdf) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 50-51. ( 396 ) Lifos (Migrationsverket), Government and Clan system in Somalia. Report from Fact Finding Mission to Nairobi, Kenya, and Mogadishu, Hargeisa and Boosaaso in Somalia in June 2012, 5 March 2013 (http://lifos.migrationsverket.se/dokumentdocumentSummaryId=29575) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 22. ( 397 ) See also: part 3.5.9. ( 398 ) Landinfo/Udlændingsstyrelsen, Security and human rights issues in South‐Central Somalia, including Mogadishu, April 2012 (http://www.nyidanmark. dk/NR/rdonlyres/90821397-6911-4CEF‐A8D0-6B8647021EF2/0/Security_human_rights_issues_South_CentralSomalia_including_Mogadishu. pdf) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 75; Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken (The Netherlands), Algemeen ambtsbericht Somalië, 19 December 2013 (http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/bestanden/documenten‐en‐publicaties/ambtsberichten/2013/12/19/algemeen‐ambtsbericht‐somalie-2013-12-19/ algemeen‐ambtsbericht‐somalie‐december-2013.pdf) accessed 27 May 2014, p. 30; UNHCR, International Protection Considerations with Regard to People fleeing Southern and Central Somalia, 17 January 2014 (http://www.refworld.org/docid/52d7fc5f4.html) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 8. ( 399 ) Lifos (Migrationsverket), Government and Clan system in Somalia. Report from Fact Finding Mission to Nairobi, Kenya, and Mogadishu, Hargeisa and Boosaaso in Somalia in June 2012, 5 March 2013 (http://lifos.migrationsverket.se/dokumentdocumentSummaryId=29575) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 24. ( 400 ) UNHCR, International Protection Considerations with Regard to People fleeing Southern and Central Somalia, 17 January 2014 (http://www.refworld.org/ docid/52d7fc5f4.html) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 8; US Department of State, Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 2013 - Somalia, 27 February 2014 (http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htmyear=2013&dlid=220158) accessed 27 May 2014, p. 12. ( 401 ) Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken (The Netherlands), Algemeen ambtsbericht Somalië, 19 December 2013 (http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/bestanden/ documenten‐en‐publicaties/ambtsberichten/2013/12/19/algemeen‐ambtsbericht‐somalie-2013-12-19/algemeen‐ambtsbericht‐somalie‐december-2013. pdf) accessed 27 May 2014, p. 30; The Jamestown Foundation, Somalia’s al‐Shabaab Movement Turns on Itself, 9 August 2013 (http://www.jamestown.org/ single/tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=41247&no_cache=1) accessed 10 June 2014; American Thinker, Interview with an Al Shabaab Member, 25 September 2013 (http://www.americanthinker.com/2013/09/interview_with_an_al_shabaab_member.html) accessed 10 June 2014. ( 402 ) Landinfo/Udlændingsstyrelsen, Security and human rights issues in South‐Central Somalia, including Mogadishu, April 2012 (http://www.nyidanmark.dk/ NR/rdonlyres/90821397-6911-4CEF‐A8D0-6B8647021EF2/0/Security_human_rights_issues_South_CentralSomalia_including_Mogadishu.pdf) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 76. ( 403 ) Landinfo, Temanotat Somalia: Beskyttelse og konfliktløsningsmekanismer, 6 July 2012 (http://landinfo.no/asset/2109/1/2109_1.pdf) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 10. ( 404 ) Lifos (Migrationsverket), Government and Clan system in Somalia. Report from Fact Finding Mission to Nairobi, Kenya, and Mogadishu, Hargeisa and Boosaaso in Somalia in June 2012, 5 March 2013 (http://lifos.migrationsverket.se/dokumentdocumentSummaryId=29575) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 22- 23; Landinfo/Udlændingsstyrelsen, Security and human rights issues in South‐Central Somalia, including Mogadishu, April 2012 (http://www.nyidanmark.dk/ NR/rdonlyres/90821397-6911-4CEF‐A8D0-6B8647021EF2/0/Security_human_rights_issues_South_CentralSomalia_including_Mogadishu.pdf) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 76-77.
Page 1:
European Asylum Support Office EASO
Page 4 and 5:
Europe Direct is a service to help
Page 6 and 7:
Contents Acknowledgements 3 Disclai
Page 8 and 9: 3.2.2.1 Somali National Armed Force
Page 10 and 11: 8 — EASO Country of Origin Inform
Page 12 and 13: 10 — EASO Country of Origin Infor
Page 102 and 103: 100 — EASO Country of Origin Info
Page 108 and 109:
106 — EASO Country of Origin Info
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152:
BZ-04-14-466-EN-C doi: 10.2847/3117
show all

COI-Report-Somalia

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?