COI-Report-Somalia

4. Human Rights situation 97
4.1 Legal context ............................................................................................................................................... 97
4.1.1 International treaties ..........................................................................................................................97
4.1.2 National legislation .............................................................................................................................97
4.1.2.1 The Provisional Constitution ....................................................................................................97
4.1.2.2 National Laws ...........................................................................................................................97
4.1.2.3 Citizenship ................................................................................................................................98
4.2 General situation .........................................................................................................................................98
4.2.1 Unlawful deprivation of life ................................................................................................................99
4.2.2 Disappearances ..................................................................................................................................99
4.2.3 Arbitrary arrest and detention ...........................................................................................................99
4.2.4 Torture and other cruel, inhumane, degrading treatment and punishments ...................................99
4.2.5 Detention and prison conditions .....................................................................................................100
4.2.6 Access to law enforcement and denial of fair trial ..........................................................................100
4.3 Specifically targeted groups ...................................................................................................................... 101
4.3.1 Ethnic minorities and occupational groups ......................................................................................101
4.3.1.1 Bantu/Jareer ...........................................................................................................................102
4.3.1.2 Benadiri/Reer Xamar ..............................................................................................................102
4.3.1.3 Occupational groups ..............................................................................................................102
4.3.1.4 Mixed marriages between majority clans and minority groups............................................102
4.3.1.5 Women from minority groups ...............................................................................................103
4.3.2 Religious minorities ..........................................................................................................................103
4.3.3 Journalists .........................................................................................................................................104
4.3.3.1 The draft media law ................................................................................................................104
4.3.3.2 Journalists in Al‐Shabaab area ...............................................................................................105
4.3.4 Civil servants, (I)NGO workers, activists ..........................................................................................105
4.3.5 Returnees from Western countries .................................................................................................106
4.3.6 Residents in Al‐Shabaab‐controlled areas .......................................................................................106
4.3.6.1 Punishments ...........................................................................................................................107
4.3.6.2 Forced marriages by Al‐Shabaab ...........................................................................................107
4.4 Position of vulnerable persons ...................................................................................................................108
4.4.1 Women .............................................................................................................................................108
4.4.1.1 Sexual and Gender‐based violence ........................................................................................109
4.4.1.2 Forms of marriage ..................................................................................................................109
4.4.1.3 Early marriages .......................................................................................................................110
4.4.1.4 Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C)..........................................................................110
4.4.2 Children ............................................................................................................................................ 111
4.4.2.1 Child soldiers under Al‐Shabaab ............................................................................................112
4.4.2.2 Child soldiers amongst SNAF and AMISOM ...........................................................................112
4.4.2.3 Street children ........................................................................................................................113
4.4.3 LGBT ..................................................................................................................................................113