COI-Report-Somalia

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50 — EASO Country of Origin Information report — South and Central Somalia — Country overview of the occupational groups are often challenged by majority clans, sometimes successfully. Given the limited land available, occupational groups are not able to feed bigger cattle droves. Furthermore, they are usually restricted to their traditional jobs and have no access to work in the public service ( 341 ). After Somalia’s independence, and especially during the Socialist regime of Siyaad Barre, clanism was officially abrogated, which improved the situation of the groups at the lowest levels of society. Some minority members ascended to prestigious positions in government, administration and the military. The abolition of clans was only theoretical, however, and after the collapse of the Somali state in 1991, they resurfaced. Thus, the growing influence of the clans weakened the position of minorities in society, which also suffered disproportionately from fighting in their regions ( 342 ). Lacking clan protection, they had nowhere to flee within Somalia, forcing many of them to seek refuge in neighbouring countries ( 343 ). They also lost their monopoly on traditional tasks ( 344 ). Al‐Shabaab theoretically (but not consequently) abolished clanism, which again put minorities in some regions in a somewhat better position than before, and led some of them to initially support Al‐Shabaab. Since the decline of Al‐Shabaab’s power, this support is dropping again. In areas from which Al‐Shabaab has withdrawn, minority members sometimes face repercussion for having supported Al‐Shabaab ( 345 ). For more information on this, see also section 3.5.9. 2.2.4 Client relationships of minority groups The position of a group within Somali society is mainly defined by its ability to defend itself. As small and poor groups, minorities usually are in no position to defend and enforce their rights against a majority clan. Therefore, they often enter a long‐term client relation with a majority clan according to Somali customary law (xeer), in which protection, conflict resolution and marriage rules are regulated ( 346 ). This client relation is known as gaashaanbuur (‘pile of shields’). There are different degrees of gaashaanbuur depending on the status of the associated group: neighbour, appendage, followers or pretenders (sheegat). The latter is the usual status of occupational groups, because it allows them to assume the lineage affiliation of their protectors. Sometimes, the majority clan even pays mag for the protected ( 347 ). Gaashaanbuur contractors do not become fully‐fledged members of their protector clan. Such alliances are voluntary and can be dissolved by both sides. Consequently, the minorities are no ‘bondsmen’, but are rather to be considered ( 341 ) Tiwald, A., Die Parias Somalias: Ständische Berufskasten als Basis sozialer Diskriminierung, Österreichischer Integrationsfonds, December 2010 (http:// www.integrationsfonds.at/laenderinformation/diepariassomalias) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 13; Ambroso, G., Pastoral society and transnational refugees: population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 1988-2000, August 2002 (http://www.unhcr.org/3d5d0f3a4.html) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 30. ( 342 ) Tiwald, A., Die Parias Somalias: Ständische Berufskasten als Basis sozialer Diskriminierung, Österreichischer Integrationsfonds, December 2010 (http:// www.integrationsfonds.at/laenderinformation/diepariassomalias) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 32-33; Landinfo, Respons Somalia: Yrkes- od lavstatusgrupper, 25 July 2013 (http://landinfo.no/asset/2460/1/2460_1.pdf) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 5-6; BAMF, Minderheiten in Somalia, July 2010 (https://milo.bamf.de/ milop/livelink.exe/fetch/2000/702450/683266/693991/697672/697677/6029534/13604856/13565580/Deutschland___Bundesamt_f%C3%BCr_Migration_ und_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge,_Minderheiten_in_Somalia,_Juli_2010.pdfnodeid=13904432&vernum=-2) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 18; Höhne, M. V., ‘Continuities and changes regarding minorities in Somalia’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, Routledge, 2014, p. 5-10. ( 343 ) Landinfo, Repons Somalia: Sårbarhet – minoritetsgrupper, svake klaner og utsatte enkeltpersoner i sør, 8 May 2012 (http://landinfo.no/asset/2068/1/2068_1. pdf) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 3; Höhne, M. V., ‘Continuities and changes regarding minorities in Somalia’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, Routledge, 2014, p. 6-7. ( 344 ) Minority Rights Group International, No redress: Somalia’s forgotten minorities, 31 January 2010 (http://www.minorityrights.org/lid=10370) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 2. ( 345 ) Landinfo, Repons Somalia: Sårbarhet – minoritetsgrupper, svake klaner og utsatte enkeltpersoner i sør, 8 May 2012 (http://landinfo.no/asset/2068/1/2068_1. pdf) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 2; UN Human Rights Council, Report of the independent expert on the situation of human rights in Somalia, Shamsul Bari, 8 March 2010 (http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/8196336C6C0EA522492576E3001A7B8C‐Full_Report.pdf) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 13; Höhne, M. V., ‘Continuities and changes regarding minorities in Somalia’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, Routledge, 2014, p. 9. ( 346 ) Tiwald, A., Die Parias Somalias: Ständische Berufskasten als Basis sozialer Diskriminierung, Österreichischer Integrationsfonds, December 2010 (http://www. integrationsfonds.at/laenderinformation/diepariassomalias) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 9-11; Gundel, J., The predicament of the ‚Oday‘. The role of traditional structures in security, rights, law and development in Somalia, November 2006 (http://logcluster.org/sites/default/files/documents/Gundel_The%2520role %2520of%2520traditional%2520structures.pdf) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 51-52; Lewis, I. M., Blood and bone. The call of kinship in Somali Society, The Red Sea Press, Lawrenceville, 1994, p. 126; Landinfo, Respons Somalia: Yrkes- od lavstatusgrupper, 25 July 2013 (http://landinfo.no/asset/2460/1/2460_1.pdf) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 5; Minority Rights Group International, No redress: Somalia’s forgotten minorities, 31 January 2010 (http://www.minorityrights. org/lid=10370) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 9. ( 347 ) Lewis, I.M., Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho, International African Institute, London, 1955, p. 149; ACCORD, Clans in Somalia. Report on a Lecture by Joakim Gundel, December 2009 (http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/90_1261130976_accord‐report‐clans‐in‐somalia‐revised‐edition-20091215. pdf) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 22.
EASO Country of Origin Information report — South and Central Somalia — Country overview — 51 ‘untouchables’ or ‘pariahs’ in Somali society ( 348 ). When in contact with strangers (also abroad), occupational group members do not identify themselves as such, but rather as members of their protector clan, which manages all external contact (i.e. regarding mag payment) of the contracted occupational group ( 349 ). 2.3 Clan maps Several rough maps depicting the distribution of the Somali clan families and some main clans are available online. The most commonly used is the ‘Ethnic Groups’ map (2002) by CIA, available in the Somalia map collection of the Perry‐Castañeda Library ( 350 ). The same collection also includes a more detailed map from 2012 ( 351 ). Only two maps showing clan distribution on a lower and more precise level (mostly sub‐clan) exist, but are not available online: A map by the British anthropologist and expert in Somali clans, Ioan M. Lewis, attached to his 1955 book Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho ( 352 ); and a map by Abdulqaadir Abikar (1999) ( 353 ). Both maps are published below in a modified version which is more readable and more clearly laid out than the original. As mentioned above, the Somali clan system is no an exact science. Even less exact are clan maps. The nomadic lifestyle of many Somalis, the extensive migration movements since 1991 and the disagreements regarding clan genealogies make it virtually impossible to produce a precise map. These discrepancies are clearly visible when comparing the two maps below, for example the distribution of the Hawiye in Southern Somalia. Contrary to what the maps show, for the most part there are no exact and clearly defined borders between clan territories. It is equally important to notice that the spelling of clan names may vary. The Somali language was codified relatively late, in the 1970s. Nevertheless, even today, Somali lacks a commonly applied and binding orthography. In the maps below, the spellings used by the original authors have been duplicated. The spelling variations between the two authors are reflected in the maps (e.g. Gelimes by Lewis 1955 vs Gilmays by Abikar 1999). Although there is a long timespan between the publication of these maps (1955 and 1999 respectively), the differences between the maps should not be understood as changes in the Somali clan distribution within this timeframe. ( 348 ) Tiwald, A., Die Parias Somalias: Ständische Berufskasten als Basis sozialer Diskriminierung, Österreichischer Integrationsfonds, December 2010 (http://www. integrationsfonds.at/laenderinformation/diepariassomalias) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 9-11; Gundel, J., The predicament of the ‚Oday‘. The role of traditional structures in security, rights, law and development in Somalia, November 2006 (http://logcluster.org/sites/default/files/documents/Gundel_The%2520role %2520of%2520traditional%2520structures.pdf) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 51-52; Lewis, I.M., Blood and bone. The call of kinship in Somali Society, The Red Sea Press, Lawrenceville, 1994, p. 126; Landinfo, Respons Somalia: Yrkes- od lavstatusgrupper, 25 July 2013 (http://landinfo.no/asset/2460/1/2460_1.pdf) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 5; Minority Rights Group International, No redress: Somalia’s forgotten minorities, 31 January 2010 (http://www.minorityrights. org/lid=10370) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 9. ( 349 ) Tiwald, A., Die Parias Somalias: Ständische Berufskasten als Basis sozialer Diskriminierung, Österreichischer Integrationsfonds, December 2010 (http:// www.integrationsfonds.at/laenderinformation/diepariassomalias) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 33-34; Landinfo, Respons Somalia: Yrkes- od lavstatusgrupper, 25 July 2013 (http://landinfo.no/asset/2460/1/2460_1.pdf) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 5. ( 350 ) CIA, Ethnic Groups, University of Texas at Austin, Perry‐Castañeda Library Map Collection, Somalia Maps, 2002 (http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/ somalia_ethnic_grps_2002.jpg) accessed 10 June 2014. ( 351 ) University of Texas, Somalia Country Profile: Clan Distribution, Perry‐Castañeda Library Map Collection, Somalia Maps, 2002 (http://www.lib.utexas.edu/ maps/africa/txu‐pclmaps‐oclc-795784383-somalia_2012_clan_distro.jpg) accessed 10 June 2014. ( 352 ) Lewis, I.M., Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho, International African Institute, London, 1955. ( 353 ) Abikar, A., Clan Distribution of the Somalis in Horn of Africa, 1999, as in: ACCORD, Clans in Somalia. Report on a Lecture by Joakim Gundel, December 2009 (http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/90_1261130976_accord‐report‐clans‐in‐somalia‐revised‐edition-20091215.pdf) accessed 10 June 2014, p. 30.
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BZ-04-14-466-EN-C doi: 10.2847/3117
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COI-Report-Somalia

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