Jochen Gartz - Magic Mushrooms Around the ... - preterhuman.net

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Figure 29 - Panaeolus cyanescens in Hawaii (USA). Figure 30 - Gymnopilus purpuratus on sawdust.
maps showing distribution patterns for the European Panaeolus species. Taxonomic Confusion On May 25, 1986, in the village of Heringsdorf on the Eastern German Sea Coast, I found 147 fruiting bodies of Panaeolus subbalteatus in all stages of development. They were growing on a compost heap that originally contained horse manure. Unlike the Psilocybe species, Panaeolus mushrooms can be found anytime from spring throughout the fall season. The differentiation of Panaeolus species is further hindered because they are very hygrophanous, with caps whose colors can change from whitish to grey, or from reddish brown to a very dark black-brown. Older mushrooms on the compost heap had caps that had cracked with age, and margins that had curved upwards and were covered with spore dust. Only two mushrooms had blue-stained caps, and the stems did not change color in reaction to pressure. In the American literature Panaeolus subbalteatus has been labeled "Panaeolus variabilis", because some of the stems imitate the appearances of other mushroom species and thereby contribute to the taxonomic confusion. The species is also known to grow in the immediate vicinity of Panaeolus foenisecii (Pers.:Fr.) Kiihn., creating more opportunities for mistakes, especially if the mushrooms are not closely inspected. The caps of Panaeolus subbalteatus become flat as the mushrooms age, a feature that is taxonomically significant. The cap's long, watery marginal zone gives the mushroom its name. Only the psilocybin-producing species will be discussed in more detail below. Results from recent comprehensive analyses clearly show that Panaeolus subbalteatus is the most important psychoactive European species among the genus Panaeolus. Ola'h's world monograph about the genus Panaeolus was published in the 1960s and has caused much confusion, since he described a number of species as "latent psilocybinproducers". He proposed, for example, that Panaeolus foenisecii occasionally produces psilocybin. All Panaeolus species share one characteristic that differentiates them from all other species discussed in this book: They produce 5-substituted indole compounds, such as serotonin and its biochemical precursor, 5hydroxytryptophan. Serotonin is a compound widely found in animals and humans. It acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain, even though not all of serotonin's effects have been entirely understood. It should be noted, however, that both serotonin and 5-hydroxytryptophan are completely inactive when taken orally. When performing paper or thin-layer chromatographies, both of these substances can easily be mistaken for psilocin. It is remarkable that Ola'h's results contradict current findings, in that his data frequently showed the existence of psilocin in Panaeolus species! More recent studies of carefully identified mushroom material from the European Panaeolus species did not document substantial amounts of psilocin in these samples. Also, "chemical races" associated with specific species could not be established. I believe that almost all accidental intoxications can be traced to ingestion of Panaeolus subbalteatus, with the possible exception of one case caused by an imported tropical species. Very little is said in the literature about Panaeolus retirugis, its area of distribution and chemical composition. The intoxication case from Bremen, however, indicates that this species is psychoactive (see Figure 28). In 1985, I found two fruiting bodies in a pasture, whose dried weight contained 0.03 - 0.05 % psilocybin, as well as serotonin. All of the mushrooms' features, such as wrinkled, fleshcolored caps, corresponded to descriptions of Panaeolus retirugis. Based on his analyses, Stijve concluded that the dried fruiting bodies of Panaeolus subbalteatus contain about 0.1 % psilocybin, regardless of location, as well as a tiny amount of baeocystin. Still, accounts of intoxications with consistently potent psychoactive effects would seem to provide evidence against such small amounts of alkaloids in Panaeolus subbalteatus. Indeed, dried mushrooms from the Pacific Northwest region of the United States have been reported to contain 0.16% - 0.65% psilocybin. Moreover, the first analyses of the species in North America (1959) led to the isolation of a water-soluble indole compound which is now generally thought to be baeocystin. My own analyses of mycelia and 19 fruiting bodies from the Heringsdorf location indicated levels of
Page 3 and 4: JOCHEN GARTZ MAGIC MUSHROOMS Around
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENT (With Active Links
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD WHO WAS THE FIRST MAGICIAN
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 1 I BELIEVE THE TIME HAS CO
Page 11 and 12: semilanceata played an important ro
Page 13 and 14: eaction to Leary's markedly unortho
Page 15 and 16: Mr. E Branl, on a poisonous Species
Page 17 and 18: Stalks generally single, sometimes
Page 19: 189. Psilocybe semilanceata Fr. [Wo
Page 22: a forest clearing between a creek a
Page 25 and 26: thoughts - later on I discovered th
Page 27 and 28: Biochemical precursor of psilocybin
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER 3.2 PSILOCYBE CYANESCENS -
Page 31 and 32: from the mycelia. For instance, oth
Page 33 and 34: Figure 24 - Psilocybe cyanescens at
Page 35 and 36: however, did not include any rough
Page 37 and 38: CHAPTER 3.3 PANAEOLUS SUBBALTEATUS
Page 39: 192. Panaeolus subbalteatus Berk.u.
Page 43 and 44: (age 11) experienced cramps and los
Page 45 and 46: about deaths following ingestion of
Page 47 and 48: Figure 32 - Description of Inocybe
Page 49 and 50: Unlike species of thin-fleshed Psil
Page 51 and 52: CHAPTER 3.5 GYMNOPILUS PURPURATUS -
Page 53 and 54: incurved later, occasional blue sta
Page 55 and 56: CHAPTER 3.6 CONOCYBE CYANOPUS - TIN
Page 57 and 58: Figure 35 - Sclerotia of Conocybe c
Page 59 and 60: TABLE 10 Psilocybin and Urea Conten
Page 61 and 62: CHAPTER 4 MUSHROOM IDENTIFICATION:
Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER 5 THE BLUING PHENOMENON AND
Page 65 and 66: The Agaricales As Alkaloid Producer
Page 67 and 68: Nature, but often need to be specia
Page 69 and 70: succeeded at growing fruiting bodie
Page 71 and 72: Figure 43 - Gymnopilus purpuratus f
Page 73 and 74: Figure 46 - Psilocybe semilanceata
Page 75 and 76: portions of mycelia whose texture i
Page 77 and 78: CHAPTER 7 PSYCHOTROPIC MUSHROOM SPE
Page 79 and 80: CHAPTER 7.1 SPOTLIGHT ON NORTH AMER
Page 81 and 82: isolated from fruiting bodies that
Page 83 and 84: cubensis under an old name. South A
Page 85 and 86: possession of Psilocybe cubensis an
Page 87 and 88: CHAPTER 7.4 EUROPEAN CUSTOMS The fi
Page 89 and 90: Panic Reactions In cases when intox
Page 91 and 92:
popularity. However, it is possible
Page 93 and 94:
CHAPTER 7.5 JAPANESE EXPERIMENTATIO
Page 95 and 96:
CHAPTER 7.6 INTOXICATIONS AND THE O
Page 97 and 98:
annular ring. The mushrooms are com
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 60 - Psilocybe samuiensis on
Page 101 and 102:
German Tourist Boom On Koh Samui an
Page 103 and 104:
psychoactivity. Even though basic r
Page 105 and 106:
short-term and patients experienced
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 62 - "Peter Pan in Kensingto
Page 109 and 110:
therapeutic settings. The alkaloid
Page 111 and 112:
moss and I saw horns. It was a kind
Page 113 and 114:
Figure 64 - Laboratory culture of P
Page 115 and 116:
Europe's only region where traditio
Page 117 and 118:
Figure 68 - Inocybe aeruginascens f
Page 119 and 120:
Figure 71 - Psilocybe stuntzii on m
Page 121 and 122:
Zauberpilzen. Helv. Chim. Acta, 42,
Page 123 and 124:
3. General Reference Books Bresadol
Page 125 and 126:
Psilocybe species and an investigat
Page 127 and 128:
Verrill, A.E. (1914). A recent case
Page 129 and 130:
INDEX (With Active Links' Just Clic
Page 131 and 132:
Psilocybe spp., 4, 5, 9, 10-12, 14-
Page 133:
PHOTO AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS (lis
show all

Jochen Gartz - Magic Mushrooms Around the ... - preterhuman.net

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?