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substrates, such as fallen twigs and raw compost, grounds littered with the remains from evergreen and deciduous trees or dung left behind by pasture animals. Among the mushroom species that may have grown in the area thousands of years ago, the most likely candidates are relatives of Psilocybe cubensis and Panaeolus cyanescens (dunginhabiting species), Psilocybe semilanceata (a nitrophilic species) as well as Psilocybe cyanescens, a species that grows on top of raw compost. Considering the impressive nature of existing historic evidence, the obvious question would seem to be whether any of these species can currently be found in Africa, where the cradle of mankind is located. African Species Related to Psilocybe Cyanescens Interestingly, on October 24, 1912, R. Maire first collected several specimens of bluing, dark-spored mushrooms which he found growing on raw compost underneath some cedar trees in Algeria, at Chrea Pass near the city of Blida south of Algiers. He collected additional specimens every year up until 1926 and published his findings in 1928, naming the species Hypholoma cyanescens nov. spec.. Later on, G. Malencon classified a number of similar specimens from his own samples collected in the Central Atlas Mountains (Morocco) as belonging to this species. In 1973, Singer then classified the species as Psilocybe mairei Sing. Krieglsteiner, however, considered this species to be identical with Psilocybe cyanescens Wakefield, as found in Europe. Thus, bluing Psilocybe species can still be found in Africa today. In his monograph on Panaeolus mushrooms from the 1960's, Ola'h mentions two Panaeolus species that are strongly psychoactive: - Panaeolus africanus Ola'h and - Panaeolus tropicales Ola'h There are also accounts from Africa about typical hallucinatory intoxications, caused by mistaken identification of a yellow Stropharia species as a culinary mushroom. In 1945, E.R. Cullinan and D. Henry described 22 cases in Nairobi, which occurred in July of that same year. The symptoms started one hour after ingestion of the mushrooms, peaked within three hours and then persisted for 24 to 48 () hours. Symptoms consisted of emotional imbalance, fits of mirthful and irresponsible laughter alternating with depressive moods, during which patients felt they wanted to die. Patients were unable to sleep, due to nightmarish feelings that descended when they closed their eyes... They remained conscious throughout the experience and their speech, while somewhat uncontrolled, was rational. In 1957, A.D. Charters reported additional cases of intoxication from Nairobi: On May 18, 1949, a man and his wife - both Europeans who resided in Nakuru, ate generous portions of mushrooms for lunch. Within 30 minutes, both of them developed mental symptoms, along with pupil dilation and a tingling sensation in the fingers. The man experienced visions of pink colors and a sense of euphoria in association with delusions. He felt that he was passing into the next life and he could see his own body. He stated that he realized "we are in the process of working toward our next life ". His wife also reported delusions, and she felt that she was inside the tube that was part of the apparatus used for pumping her stomach at the time. She believed that she was going to die and she was afraid of death. She had laughing fits and felt sensations that alternated between happiness and depression. Both patients had their stomachs pumped and recovered completely within six hours. Given sufficiently wet climate conditions, Psilocybe cubensis can often be found in other parts of the world growing on pastures in areas located up to 30° north as well as south of the equator. Therefore, it is likely that the yellow Stropharia species from the Highlands of Kenya may actually have been Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms or at least a close relative of this species. In January 1994, M. Smith and myself were collaborating in South Africa, where we discovered a bluing Psilocybe species in Natal Province. It was the first psychotropic Psilocybe species ever found in the area. This species is generally withish in color and does not have an
annular ring. The mushrooms are comparable in size to Psilocybe cubensis, but do not grow directly on top of dung in cow pastures. Having been compared with samples of known Psilocybe species, the new species is currently being published under the name Psilocybe natalensis Gartz, Reid, Ecker & Smith. The mushroom samples and reports of intoxications described in this chapter indicate that psychoactive species do occur in Africa, which, in turn, supports the hypothesis of an ancient mushroom cult on the African continent. However, additional work is needed with respect to the African species, including their areas of distribution, their taxonomic classification and the essence of their active ingredients. Figure 59 - Outline of a rock drawing from Tassili, Algeria (ca. 7,000 B.C.). The figure on the left clearly is holding a mushroom-shaped object.
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JOCHEN GARTZ MAGIC MUSHROOMS Around
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TABLE OF CONTENT (With Active Links
Page 7 and 8:
FOREWORD WHO WAS THE FIRST MAGICIAN
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CHAPTER 1 I BELIEVE THE TIME HAS CO
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semilanceata played an important ro
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eaction to Leary's markedly unortho
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Mr. E Branl, on a poisonous Species
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Stalks generally single, sometimes
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189. Psilocybe semilanceata Fr. [Wo
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a forest clearing between a creek a
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thoughts - later on I discovered th
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Biochemical precursor of psilocybin
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CHAPTER 3.2 PSILOCYBE CYANESCENS -
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from the mycelia. For instance, oth
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Figure 24 - Psilocybe cyanescens at
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however, did not include any rough
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CHAPTER 3.3 PANAEOLUS SUBBALTEATUS
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192. Panaeolus subbalteatus Berk.u.
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maps showing distribution patterns
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(age 11) experienced cramps and los
Page 45 and 46: about deaths following ingestion of
Page 47 and 48: Figure 32 - Description of Inocybe
Page 49 and 50: Unlike species of thin-fleshed Psil
Page 51 and 52: CHAPTER 3.5 GYMNOPILUS PURPURATUS -
Page 53 and 54: incurved later, occasional blue sta
Page 55 and 56: CHAPTER 3.6 CONOCYBE CYANOPUS - TIN
Page 57 and 58: Figure 35 - Sclerotia of Conocybe c
Page 59 and 60: TABLE 10 Psilocybin and Urea Conten
Page 61 and 62: CHAPTER 4 MUSHROOM IDENTIFICATION:
Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER 5 THE BLUING PHENOMENON AND
Page 65 and 66: The Agaricales As Alkaloid Producer
Page 67 and 68: Nature, but often need to be specia
Page 69 and 70: succeeded at growing fruiting bodie
Page 71 and 72: Figure 43 - Gymnopilus purpuratus f
Page 73 and 74: Figure 46 - Psilocybe semilanceata
Page 75 and 76: portions of mycelia whose texture i
Page 77 and 78: CHAPTER 7 PSYCHOTROPIC MUSHROOM SPE
Page 79 and 80: CHAPTER 7.1 SPOTLIGHT ON NORTH AMER
Page 81 and 82: isolated from fruiting bodies that
Page 83 and 84: cubensis under an old name. South A
Page 85 and 86: possession of Psilocybe cubensis an
Page 87 and 88: CHAPTER 7.4 EUROPEAN CUSTOMS The fi
Page 89 and 90: Panic Reactions In cases when intox
Page 91 and 92: popularity. However, it is possible
Page 93 and 94: CHAPTER 7.5 JAPANESE EXPERIMENTATIO
Page 95: CHAPTER 7.6 INTOXICATIONS AND THE O
Page 99 and 100: Figure 60 - Psilocybe samuiensis on
Page 101 and 102: German Tourist Boom On Koh Samui an
Page 103 and 104: psychoactivity. Even though basic r
Page 105 and 106: short-term and patients experienced
Page 107 and 108: Figure 62 - "Peter Pan in Kensingto
Page 109 and 110: therapeutic settings. The alkaloid
Page 111 and 112: moss and I saw horns. It was a kind
Page 113 and 114: Figure 64 - Laboratory culture of P
Page 115 and 116: Europe's only region where traditio
Page 117 and 118: Figure 68 - Inocybe aeruginascens f
Page 119 and 120: Figure 71 - Psilocybe stuntzii on m
Page 121 and 122: Zauberpilzen. Helv. Chim. Acta, 42,
Page 123 and 124: 3. General Reference Books Bresadol
Page 125 and 126: Psilocybe species and an investigat
Page 127 and 128: Verrill, A.E. (1914). A recent case
Page 129 and 130: INDEX (With Active Links' Just Clic
Page 131 and 132: Psilocybe spp., 4, 5, 9, 10-12, 14-
Page 133: PHOTO AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS (lis
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Jochen Gartz - Magic Mushrooms Around the ... - preterhuman.net

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