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Psilocybe semilanceata is a mushroom species whose mycelia grow at a significantly slower rate than the mycelia of Psilocybe cubensis, Gymnopilus purpuratus, Panaeolus subbalteatus and Psilocybe bohemica. Despite the fact that only a few strains of Psilocybe semilanceata actually fruited, cultivation of this species succeeded with different substrates. After a mycelial growth period of three to four months, the mushrooms emerged on compost (see Figure 46) as well as on a mixture consisting of grass seeds, dung, and rice (see Figure 66, p. 116). Four flushes of fruiting bodies were observed. Panaeolus subbalteatus also fruited after 92 days on a mixture of cow dung and damp rice. The physical appearance of these fruiting bodies differed considerably from specimens of the same species that had grown on naturally occurring substrates (Figure 3, p. 6 and Figure 51, p. 76). According to Stamets and Chilton, Panaeolus cyanescens is a species that does not fruit without a cover layer. However, this statement does not seem very plausible, considering the species can be found, much like Psilocybe cubensis, growing on top of dung under natural conditions. Psilocybe bohemica was another species that fruited on damp rice after two or three months. These in-vitro specimens also appeared to be much hardier in comparison to fruiting bodies collected at a natural location near Sazava, Bohemia (Czech Republic). The cultivated specimens even developed two (!) rings, yet these robust mushrooms did not fruit until after an exposure to the shock of cold temperatures (see Figure 44, p. 71). At about the same time, Gymnopilus purpuratus fruited on a moist mixture of rice and saw dust after six to eight weeks (see Figure 43, p. 71). In this case, however, the cultivated mushrooms turned out to be smaller than fruiting bodies that developed from fruiting mycelia on wood shavings at a location outside the laboratory (Figure 30, p. 40). During the 1980s, there were also reports about success in cultivating psilocybin-containing sclerotia of Psilocybe mexicana and its close relative Psilocybe tampanensis Guzman & Pollock. In both cases, the sclerotia form after three to twelve weeks, preferably in the dark on a substrate of lolium (rye grass) seeds. All strains of Psilocybe tampanensis originate from a single fruiting body that was found near Tampa, Florida in 1977. Sclerotia from this species have also been cultivated on a straw substrate. Compared to lolium seeds, soft rice has the advantage of not drying out as fast, so that the sclerotia will form more evenly than they would on rye grass seeds. A photograph of Psilocybe tampanensis sclerotia is shown on page 117 (Figure 69). Psilocybe natalensis, which we first discovered in South Africa in January 1994 (see Chapter 7.6), is another species that easily fruits, within four to eight weeks, on compost or on straw with potting soil for a casing. In closing, I would like to comment on the mycorrhiza problem. Due to the close interrelationship between mushroom mycelia and their symbiotic partner trees, there exists a unique exchange of growth hormones and other products - substances whose study has only just begun. For this reason, all attempts to fruit these species in-vitro have remained unsuccessful. Nonetheless, we were able to start mycelial cultures from some of these species, but in most cases, growth rates remained very slow. As a result of my own investigations, I was able to isolate sterile cultures from Inocybe aeruginascens (see Figure 50, p. 75), which grew and developed greenish sclerotia at the same time. The dried mycelial mass contained about 0.1 % psilocybin, Figure 48 (p. 74) shows three Inocybe aeruginascens fruiting bodies whose mycelia grew naturally. These mycelia were found to contain no baeocystin and less psilocybin (0.05%) than the fruiting bodies shown in Figure 48. Several months after these mycelia had been isolated from spores and fruiting body tissue samples, they began to degenerate and lost their ability to sustain growth, most likely because information available about conditions and requirements for optimal growth was insufficient. Incidents of mycelial degeneration in saprophytic species have rarely been described in the literature. However, this condition can be easily prevented through usage of more than just one type of nutrient media; thus, the specific composition of a medium should be changed from time to time. In addition, only fast-growing mycelial threads (rhizomorphs) should be selected for propagation. By contrast, prolonged degeneration of strains can be caused by new inoculations of material taken from agar-based
Figure 46 - Psilocybe semilanceata on compost Figure 47 - Surface culture of Psilocybe semilanceata (with sclerotia formation).
Page 3 and 4:
JOCHEN GARTZ MAGIC MUSHROOMS Around
Page 5 and 6:
TABLE OF CONTENT (With Active Links
Page 7 and 8:
FOREWORD WHO WAS THE FIRST MAGICIAN
Page 9 and 10:
CHAPTER 1 I BELIEVE THE TIME HAS CO
Page 11 and 12:
semilanceata played an important ro
Page 13 and 14:
eaction to Leary's markedly unortho
Page 15 and 16:
Mr. E Branl, on a poisonous Species
Page 17 and 18:
Stalks generally single, sometimes
Page 19:
189. Psilocybe semilanceata Fr. [Wo
Page 22: a forest clearing between a creek a
Page 25 and 26: thoughts - later on I discovered th
Page 27 and 28: Biochemical precursor of psilocybin
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER 3.2 PSILOCYBE CYANESCENS -
Page 31 and 32: from the mycelia. For instance, oth
Page 33 and 34: Figure 24 - Psilocybe cyanescens at
Page 35 and 36: however, did not include any rough
Page 37 and 38: CHAPTER 3.3 PANAEOLUS SUBBALTEATUS
Page 39 and 40: 192. Panaeolus subbalteatus Berk.u.
Page 41 and 42: maps showing distribution patterns
Page 43 and 44: (age 11) experienced cramps and los
Page 45 and 46: about deaths following ingestion of
Page 47 and 48: Figure 32 - Description of Inocybe
Page 49 and 50: Unlike species of thin-fleshed Psil
Page 51 and 52: CHAPTER 3.5 GYMNOPILUS PURPURATUS -
Page 53 and 54: incurved later, occasional blue sta
Page 55 and 56: CHAPTER 3.6 CONOCYBE CYANOPUS - TIN
Page 57 and 58: Figure 35 - Sclerotia of Conocybe c
Page 59 and 60: TABLE 10 Psilocybin and Urea Conten
Page 61 and 62: CHAPTER 4 MUSHROOM IDENTIFICATION:
Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER 5 THE BLUING PHENOMENON AND
Page 65 and 66: The Agaricales As Alkaloid Producer
Page 67 and 68: Nature, but often need to be specia
Page 69 and 70: succeeded at growing fruiting bodie
Page 71: Figure 43 - Gymnopilus purpuratus f
Page 75 and 76: portions of mycelia whose texture i
Page 77 and 78: CHAPTER 7 PSYCHOTROPIC MUSHROOM SPE
Page 79 and 80: CHAPTER 7.1 SPOTLIGHT ON NORTH AMER
Page 81 and 82: isolated from fruiting bodies that
Page 83 and 84: cubensis under an old name. South A
Page 85 and 86: possession of Psilocybe cubensis an
Page 87 and 88: CHAPTER 7.4 EUROPEAN CUSTOMS The fi
Page 89 and 90: Panic Reactions In cases when intox
Page 91 and 92: popularity. However, it is possible
Page 93 and 94: CHAPTER 7.5 JAPANESE EXPERIMENTATIO
Page 95 and 96: CHAPTER 7.6 INTOXICATIONS AND THE O
Page 97 and 98: annular ring. The mushrooms are com
Page 99 and 100: Figure 60 - Psilocybe samuiensis on
Page 101 and 102: German Tourist Boom On Koh Samui an
Page 103 and 104: psychoactivity. Even though basic r
Page 105 and 106: short-term and patients experienced
Page 107 and 108: Figure 62 - "Peter Pan in Kensingto
Page 109 and 110: therapeutic settings. The alkaloid
Page 111 and 112: moss and I saw horns. It was a kind
Page 113 and 114: Figure 64 - Laboratory culture of P
Page 115 and 116: Europe's only region where traditio
Page 117 and 118: Figure 68 - Inocybe aeruginascens f
Page 119 and 120: Figure 71 - Psilocybe stuntzii on m
Page 121 and 122: Zauberpilzen. Helv. Chim. Acta, 42,
Page 123 and 124:
3. General Reference Books Bresadol
Page 125 and 126:
Psilocybe species and an investigat
Page 127 and 128:
Verrill, A.E. (1914). A recent case
Page 129 and 130:
INDEX (With Active Links' Just Clic
Page 131 and 132:
Psilocybe spp., 4, 5, 9, 10-12, 14-
Page 133:
PHOTO AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS (lis
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