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CHAPTER 7.7 USAGE IN SOUTH EAST ASIA AND THE SOUTH PACIFIC ISLANDS Since the late 1960s, the custom of using psilocybin-containing mushrooms has been evolving in various countries across Asia and the Pacific Islands. However, there is no conclusive evidence indicating that mushroom usage was endemic among native cultures prior to the discovery of the Mexican species. Most likely, global tourism has been the most significant factor behind increasing knowledge about relevant mushroom species among the populations of these countries, especially after searches for strongly bluing gilled mushrooms were successful. These mushrooms, most notably those found growing on pasture land, strongly resembled similar species from other continents. Neo-Mycoflora Western amateur mycologists helped disseminate information about these species and published articles on the mushrooms in various publications of their home countries. However, little or no efforts were made to identify and describe specific mushrooms species found growing in Asia and the South Pacific Islands. There have also been no research efforts to investigate the overall mycoflora in this part of the world. Thus, during the 1970s, a group of teenagers in Samoa discovered the psychoactive effects of Panaeolus cyanescens. At first, the police took measures to suppress the practice. But persecution by law enforcement agencies was halted when it became apparent that ingestion of the mushrooms did not pose a significant health risk. According to Cox, the teenagers' parents considered their children's mushroom experience "a foolish, but totally harmless episode and a part of normal teenage development". In light of such a reasonable frame of reference, the historic label "fool's mushrooms" (Chapter 2) immediately comes to mind. By contrast, customs of psychoactive mushroom usage in New Zealand evolved around the same species found in Australia, with criminal penalties also modeled after Australian measures of law enforcement. However, in contrast to Psilocybe semilanceata and Panaeolus cyanescens, Psilocybe cubensis is not a species native to New Zealand, and all psychoactive species are generally referred to as "magic mushrooms". To date, we do not know about all those geographic regions where the discovery of bluing mushroom species was an event that did not attract much attention, yet contributed to the mushrooms's growing popularity and an everincreasing number of "silent" users. Scientificmycological investigations of a small number of samples provided clues to the identification of psychoactive species relevant in this context: the two dung-inhabiting species Psilocybe cubensis and Panaeolus cyanescens, as well as Panaeolus tropicales, a close relative of the latter species. In most cases, the differentiation of the two Panaeolus species is an extremely difficult task. Panaeolus cyanescens Omelettes During the seventies and eighties, the mushroom restaurants of Bali became quite famous, since interested tourists could order mushroom omelettes made with Panaeolus cyanescens - house specialties, and all completely legal to boot. At first, local children collected the mushrooms needed to prepare the dishes. In response to increasing demand for this culinary specialty, however, commercial cultivation of the Panaeolus species began, using the method of transferring dung with naturally-grown mycelia onto fresh buffalo manure. Apparently, no major complications ensued, and this type of mushroom usage remained unchallenged for a long time. In Bali, ingestion of mushrooms has been limited, for the most part, to visiting tourists. In 1992, a German tourist reported that, if anything, the number of restaurants had increased compared to the 1980s. The number of restaurant patrons, however,
Figure 60 - Psilocybe samuiensis on a mixture of rye and horse dung
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JOCHEN GARTZ MAGIC MUSHROOMS Around
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TABLE OF CONTENT (With Active Links
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FOREWORD WHO WAS THE FIRST MAGICIAN
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CHAPTER 1 I BELIEVE THE TIME HAS CO
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semilanceata played an important ro
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eaction to Leary's markedly unortho
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Mr. E Branl, on a poisonous Species
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Stalks generally single, sometimes
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189. Psilocybe semilanceata Fr. [Wo
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a forest clearing between a creek a
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thoughts - later on I discovered th
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Biochemical precursor of psilocybin
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CHAPTER 3.2 PSILOCYBE CYANESCENS -
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from the mycelia. For instance, oth
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Figure 24 - Psilocybe cyanescens at
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however, did not include any rough
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CHAPTER 3.3 PANAEOLUS SUBBALTEATUS
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192. Panaeolus subbalteatus Berk.u.
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maps showing distribution patterns
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(age 11) experienced cramps and los
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about deaths following ingestion of
Page 47 and 48: Figure 32 - Description of Inocybe
Page 49 and 50: Unlike species of thin-fleshed Psil
Page 51 and 52: CHAPTER 3.5 GYMNOPILUS PURPURATUS -
Page 53 and 54: incurved later, occasional blue sta
Page 55 and 56: CHAPTER 3.6 CONOCYBE CYANOPUS - TIN
Page 57 and 58: Figure 35 - Sclerotia of Conocybe c
Page 59 and 60: TABLE 10 Psilocybin and Urea Conten
Page 61 and 62: CHAPTER 4 MUSHROOM IDENTIFICATION:
Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER 5 THE BLUING PHENOMENON AND
Page 65 and 66: The Agaricales As Alkaloid Producer
Page 67 and 68: Nature, but often need to be specia
Page 69 and 70: succeeded at growing fruiting bodie
Page 71 and 72: Figure 43 - Gymnopilus purpuratus f
Page 73 and 74: Figure 46 - Psilocybe semilanceata
Page 75 and 76: portions of mycelia whose texture i
Page 77 and 78: CHAPTER 7 PSYCHOTROPIC MUSHROOM SPE
Page 79 and 80: CHAPTER 7.1 SPOTLIGHT ON NORTH AMER
Page 81 and 82: isolated from fruiting bodies that
Page 83 and 84: cubensis under an old name. South A
Page 85 and 86: possession of Psilocybe cubensis an
Page 87 and 88: CHAPTER 7.4 EUROPEAN CUSTOMS The fi
Page 89 and 90: Panic Reactions In cases when intox
Page 91 and 92: popularity. However, it is possible
Page 93 and 94: CHAPTER 7.5 JAPANESE EXPERIMENTATIO
Page 95 and 96: CHAPTER 7.6 INTOXICATIONS AND THE O
Page 97: annular ring. The mushrooms are com
Page 101 and 102: German Tourist Boom On Koh Samui an
Page 103 and 104: psychoactivity. Even though basic r
Page 105 and 106: short-term and patients experienced
Page 107 and 108: Figure 62 - "Peter Pan in Kensingto
Page 109 and 110: therapeutic settings. The alkaloid
Page 111 and 112: moss and I saw horns. It was a kind
Page 113 and 114: Figure 64 - Laboratory culture of P
Page 115 and 116: Europe's only region where traditio
Page 117 and 118: Figure 68 - Inocybe aeruginascens f
Page 119 and 120: Figure 71 - Psilocybe stuntzii on m
Page 121 and 122: Zauberpilzen. Helv. Chim. Acta, 42,
Page 123 and 124: 3. General Reference Books Bresadol
Page 125 and 126: Psilocybe species and an investigat
Page 127 and 128: Verrill, A.E. (1914). A recent case
Page 129 and 130: INDEX (With Active Links' Just Clic
Page 131 and 132: Psilocybe spp., 4, 5, 9, 10-12, 14-
Page 133: PHOTO AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS (lis
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