Smoking and mental health - NCSCT

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Smoking and mental health 170 Anstey KJ, von Sanden C, Salim A, O’Kearney R. Smoking as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. American Journal of Epidemiology 2007;166:367–78. 171 Peters R, Poulter R, Warner J, et al. Smoking, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly, a systematic review. BMC Geriatrics 2008;8:36. 172 Barnes DE, Haight TJ, Mehta KM, et al. Secondhand smoke, vascular disease, and dementia incidence: findings from the cardiovascular health cognition study. American Journal of Epidemiology 2010;171:292–302. 173 Llewellyn DJ, Lang IA, Langa KM, Naughton F, Matthews FE. Exposure to secondhand smoke and cognitive impairment in non-smokers: national cross sectional study with cotinine measurement. British Medical Journal 2009;338:b462. 174 Davey Smith G, Ebrahim S. What can mendelian randomisation tell us about modifiable behavioural and environmental exposures? British Medical Journal 2005;330:1076–9. 175 Thorgeirsson TE, Stefansson K. Genetics of smoking behavior and its consequences: the role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Biological Psychiatry 2008;64:919–21. 176 Lewis SJ, Araya R, Smith GD, et al. Smoking is associated with, but does not cause, depressed mood in pregnancy – a mendelian randomization study. PLoS One 2011;6:e21689. 62 © Royal College of Physicians 2013
Epidemiology of the association between 4 smoking and mental disorders 4.1 Introduction It is well recognised that the prevalence of smoking, and levels of dependence on smoking, are higher among people with mental disorders. Chapter 2 provides detailed data on this association in the UK, and similar findings are reported from the USA, where the 2007 National Health Interview Survey of 23,393 non-institutionalised adults reported a prevalence of heavy smoking (25 cigarettes/day) of 10.3% among those without any mental disorder, 15.1% in people with bipolar disorder, 17.8% in those with schizophrenia, 19.8% in those with phobias or fears, and 28.8% in those with serious psychological distress. 1 However, as the causal nature of this association remains uncertain, it is not clear whether smoking independently increases the risk of mental disorders, or whether having a mental disorder increases the risk of becoming a smoker. A common view is that nicotine helps provide gratification and relief from anxiety and other symptoms associated with mental disorders; however, it is also possible that the symptoms of nicotine dependence are wrongly attributed to, or exacerbate symptoms of, mental disorders. This chapter reviews the literature on the association between smoking and mental disorders, and assesses whether smoking is associated with an increased risk of incidence of mental disorders, and/or whether those with mental disorders are more likely to become smokers. To do so, we have focused, where possible, on cohort or longitudinal studies in which the association between smoking and mental disorders can be assessed prospectively. 4.2 Search methods Comprehensive searches of electronic databases (Medline, EMBASE and PsycINFO, from inception to February 2011) were carried out using search terms developed through discussion with relevant experts, to identify all cohort studies assessing: the relationship between smoking and mental health conditions, categorised into behavioural and emotion disorders (hyperkinetic disorder, conduct disorder, emotional disorder); behavioural syndromes (including eating © Royal College of Physicians 2013 63
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Contents Members of the Tobacco Adv
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Contents 4.4.3 Attention deficit hy
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Contents 6.4.3 Staff knowledge 122
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Contents 10.5 Tobacco policy and me
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Contributors Anthony Aclet - Specia
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Contributors Jill Williams - Associ
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1 Mental disorders 1.1 What is a me
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Mental disorders 1 1.3 Common menta
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Mental disorders 1 1.4.4 Somatisati
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Mental disorders 1 In addition to s
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Mental disorders 1 not diagnosed un
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Ethical and legal aspects 9 pose co
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Ethical and legal aspects 9 patient
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10 Summary and conclusions 10.1 Smo
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Summary and conclusions 10 10.4 Smo
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Summary and conclusions 10 although
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11 Key conclusions and recommendati
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Key conclusions and recommendations
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