Understanding Infrared Thermography Reading 7 Part 2 of 2.pdf

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EPRI Licensed Material Basic Elements of an In-House Program 12.2.2 When considering the vendor’s recommended frequency for thermography, the application of the equipment should be taken into consideration (that is, the run time experienced by the equipment in this installation versus what the vendor expects for typical run times). Also, if the component falls into categories A or B of 12.1.1, then the most limiting interval (between the vendor-recommended interval and the recommended interval in section 12.2.3 of the program) shall be used for the monitoring of the equipment. 12.2.3 The following recommended intervals for the given categories should be used: A. Critical Equipment • Monitor quarterly for those components that are operated continuously or are optested at least quarterly. • Monitor semi-annually for those components that are operated continuously or are run-tested at least semi-annually. • At start-up, monitor when the component is placed on-line, is at a stabilized temperature, and has not been monitored for at least one monitoring interval. • Equipment less than 240 V does not require periodic monitoring. B. Vital Equipment • Monitor equipment greater than 480 V quarterly. • Monitor equipment greater than 240 V but less than 480 V semi-annually. • Equipment less than 240 V does not require periodic monitoring. 12.2.4 Changes to monitoring intervals should be reviewed carefully prior to making changes in order to ensure that maximum component availability and program efficiency is provided. 12.2.5 At a minimum, documentation for interval changes shall be maintained, by the IR administrator. 12.2.6 Components need not be operated for the sole purpose of collecting thermography data. 13.0 SUGGESTED PROGRAM REFERENCES 13.1 Infrared Thermography Guide (Revision 3), (formerly NP-6973) 13.2 Plant Administrative Procedures Manual 13.3 Plant Safety Manual 13.4 Plant Training Manual 13.5 Plant Quality Assurance Procedures Manual 13.6 Plant Systems Training Manual 6-12
EPRI Licensed Material Basic Elements of an In-House Program 13.7 Infrared Imager Instruction Manual 13.8 Plant Predictive Maintenance, INPO Good Practice 89-009. 13.9 Wolfe, W. L. and Zissis, G.J., The Infrared Handbook. Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (1996). 13.10 Mil-Std-2194, Infrared Thermal Imaging Survey Procedure Electrical Equipment. 13.11 American Society for Nondestructive Testing Standard Practice SNT-TC-1A, Qualifications Guidelines. 13.12 American Society for Nondestructive Testing Infrared and Thermal Testing Handbook, 2001. 13.13 American Society for Nondestructive Testing Level III Study Guide: Infrared and Thermal Testing Method, 2001. 6-13
Page 1 and 2: Infrared Thermal Testing Reading VI
Page 3 and 4: 6.1 Basic Elements An in-house prog
Page 5 and 6: 6.1.4 Responsibilities This section
Page 7 and 8: IR Viewing Window - Opaque Polymer
Page 9 and 10: 6.1.8 Acceptance Criteria All surve
Page 11 and 12: 6.1.9 Reporting Criteria A rigid pr
Page 13 and 14: 6.1.10 Qualification of Personnel P
Page 15 and 16: EPRI Licensed Material Basic Elemen
Page 21: EPRI Licensed Material Basic Elemen
Page 25 and 26: 7. TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION This
Page 27 and 28: Recommended training and certificat
Page 29 and 30: ■ Level II A Level II infrared th
Page 31 and 32: The experience and education recomm
Page 33 and 34: B. Spatial Resolution • the conce
Page 35 and 36: D. Equipment Operation • Be able
Page 37 and 38: The PdM basic examination is more s
Page 39 and 40: Appendix-A The Science Of Thermogra
Page 41 and 42: Erroneous conclusions can have an e
Page 43 and 44: A.2.1 Heat and Temperature What is
Page 45 and 46: To convert changes in temperature o
Page 47 and 48: A.2.3 The Three Modes of Heat Trans
Page 49 and 50: The Fourier Conduction Law: Q/A Q =
Page 51 and 52: A.2.5 Convection Convective heat tr
Page 53 and 54: Figure A-2 Convective Heat Flow Cha
Page 55 and 56: A.2.6 Radiation Radiative heat tran
Page 57 and 58: A.2.7 Radiation Exchange at the Tar
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Page 61 and 62: Figure A-4 Radiative Heat Flow W ε
Page 63 and 64: A.2.8 Specular and Diffuse Surfaces
Page 65 and 66: Specular or Diffuse Surfaces Diffus
Page 67 and 68: Specular and Diffuse Surfaces Confu
Page 69 and 70: Specular reflection is the mirror-l
Page 71 and 72: Reflections off Specular and Diffus
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The thermogram of the outside surfa
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Steady-state conduction Steady stat
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A.3 The Basic Physics of Infrared R
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A.3.1 Some Historical Background Th
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A.3.3 The Target Surface The chart
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Figure A-6 shows the distribution o
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Two physical laws define the radian
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According to (2), the wavelength at
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Figure A-7 Spectral Distribution of
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Figure A-8 shows that the instrumen
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If the emissivity of a gray body is
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Under certain conditions, an error
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EXAM score! Non-graybody (colored b
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Figure A-10 illustrates the spectra
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Figure A-10 Infrared Transmission o
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Figure A-11 Infrared Spectral Trans
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Figure A-11 shows transmission curv
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EXAM score! Glass is opaque λ > 5
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Figure A-12 Characteristics of IR T
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The characteristics of the window m
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IR Lenses - LWIR Len Charlie Chong/
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IR Lenses - Fresnel Len Charlie Cho
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Figure A-13 Components of an Infrar
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Infrared optics are available in tw
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All infrared detector-transducers e
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Figure A-14 Typical Infrared Radiat
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Germanium Len Charlie Chong/ Fion Z
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Thermopile Detector Charlie Chong/
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The IR Detectors Infrared detectors
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Figure A-15 Spectral Sensitivity of
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The Mercury- Cadmium-telluride (Hgc
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The Mercury- Cadmium-Telluride (HgC
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Point-sensing instruments for measu
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A.3.6.1 Line Scanning The purpose o
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A.3.6.2 Two-Dimensional Scanning Th
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Opto-mechanical Scanner A typical c
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Electronic scanning Electronic scan
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Figure A-18 Schematic of a Typical
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Applications for infrared FPAs incl
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Staring Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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A.4.1 Point-Sensing Instruments For
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Temperature sensitivity is also cal
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EXAM score! thermal resolution (≠
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NETD - Noise Equivalent Temperature
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Figure A-19 Instrument Speed of Res
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Figure A-20 Fields of View of Infra
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Figure A-20 Fields of View of Infra
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The output requirements are totally
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Spectrally selective instruments em
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Figure A-21 Spectral Filtering for
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Figure A-22 shows a similar solutio
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A.4.2 Scanners and Imagers.Qualitat
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• Total field of view (TFOV): the
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Despite some manufacturers’ claim
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A.4.3.1 Temperature Sensitivity, Mi
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Figure A-23 Test Setup for MRTD Mea
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A.4.3.2 Spot Size (FOV) , Instantan
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■ A standard 4 bar (slit) resolut
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Both MRTD and MTF are functions of
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IFOVmeas: The slit width at which t
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FPA Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http:
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FPA Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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A.4.3.3 Speed of Response and Frame
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A.4.4 Thermal Imaging Software In o
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The newest field-portable instrumen
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Appendix B Measuring Emissivity, Re
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Figure B-1 Target Radiosity Charlie
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The reference emitter technique wor
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1. Apply the reference emitter (E)
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B.2.2 Reflective Emissivity Techniq
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Figure B-3 Using the Reflective Emi
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Figure B-4 Using the Transmittance
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Appendix C Quick Reference Charts A
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MTF Determination Using An Ir Image
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Measuring And Setting Effective Emi
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Classification Of Faults (Guideline
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Reading: Four Emissivity: Understan
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Figure 1 shows a typical three-phas
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Figure IR1: Corresponding infrared
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Thermal radiation and properties of
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The thermal nature of materials. Ma
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So in plain English, when the therm
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Figure 2: Stainless steel block. (a
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Observed with our thermal imager (w
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Can you see my eye glasses in the i
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How can the thermal imager’s read
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When we remove the block from the o
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In this experiment we see that the
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://ww
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Using a narrow band filter to measu
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Emissivity, the variable’s variab
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Emissivity and electrical equipment
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In manufacturing processes, steel o
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In this case, we have another power
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Figure IR1: Corresponding infrared
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Figure 7: Measuring the loads on a
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Summary Predictive maintenance PDM
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It is much like most endeavors in l
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Good Luck Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Charlie https://www.yumpu.com/en/br
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