Understanding Infrared Thermography Reading 7 Part 2 of 2.pdf

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A.2 Heat Transfer and Radiation Exchange Basics for Thermography This section is to provide the reader with an understanding of how heat transfer phenomena affect non-contact infrared thermal sensing and thermographic measurements. Infrared thermography depends on measuring the distribution of radiant thermal energy (heat) emitted from a target surface, thus, the thermographer requires an understanding of heat, temperature, and the various types of heat transfer as an essential prerequisite in preparing to undertake a program of IR thermography. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
A.2.1 Heat and Temperature What is often referred to as a heat source (like an oil furnace or an electric heater) is really one form or another of energy conversion; the energy stored in one object is converted to heat and flows to another object. Heat can be defined as thermal energy in transition. It flows from one place or object to another as a result of temperature difference, and the flow of heat changes the energy levels in the objects. Temperature is a property of matter and not a complete (that means it need other input to completely quantify the internal energy) measurement of internal energy. It defines the direction of heat when another temperature is known. Heat always flows from the object that is at the higher temperature to the object that is at the lower temperature. As a result of heat transfer, hotter objects tend to become cooler and cooler objects become hotter, approaching thermal equilibrium. To maintain a steady-state condition, energy needs to be continuously supplied to the hotter object by some means of energy conversion so that the temperature and, hence, the heat flow remains constant. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 1 and 2: Infrared Thermal Testing Reading VI
Page 3 and 4: 6.1 Basic Elements An in-house prog
Page 5 and 6: 6.1.4 Responsibilities This section
Page 7 and 8: IR Viewing Window - Opaque Polymer
Page 9 and 10: 6.1.8 Acceptance Criteria All surve
Page 11 and 12: 6.1.9 Reporting Criteria A rigid pr
Page 13 and 14: 6.1.10 Qualification of Personnel P
Page 15 and 16: EPRI Licensed Material Basic Elemen
Page 25 and 26: 7. TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION This
Page 27 and 28: Recommended training and certificat
Page 29 and 30: ■ Level II A Level II infrared th
Page 31 and 32: The experience and education recomm
Page 33 and 34: B. Spatial Resolution • the conce
Page 35 and 36: D. Equipment Operation • Be able
Page 37 and 38: The PdM basic examination is more s
Page 39 and 40: Appendix-A The Science Of Thermogra
Page 41: Erroneous conclusions can have an e
Page 45 and 46: To convert changes in temperature o
Page 47 and 48: A.2.3 The Three Modes of Heat Trans
Page 49 and 50: The Fourier Conduction Law: Q/A Q =
Page 51 and 52: A.2.5 Convection Convective heat tr
Page 53 and 54: Figure A-2 Convective Heat Flow Cha
Page 55 and 56: A.2.6 Radiation Radiative heat tran
Page 57 and 58: A.2.7 Radiation Exchange at the Tar
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Page 61 and 62: Figure A-4 Radiative Heat Flow W ε
Page 63 and 64: A.2.8 Specular and Diffuse Surfaces
Page 65 and 66: Specular or Diffuse Surfaces Diffus
Page 67 and 68: Specular and Diffuse Surfaces Confu
Page 69 and 70: Specular reflection is the mirror-l
Page 71 and 72: Reflections off Specular and Diffus
Page 73 and 74: The thermogram of the outside surfa
Page 75 and 76: Steady-state conduction Steady stat
Page 77 and 78: A.3 The Basic Physics of Infrared R
Page 79 and 80: A.3.1 Some Historical Background Th
Page 81 and 82: A.3.3 The Target Surface The chart
Page 83 and 84: Figure A-6 shows the distribution o
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Page 87 and 88: Two physical laws define the radian
Page 89 and 90: According to (2), the wavelength at
Page 91 and 92: Figure A-7 Spectral Distribution of
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Figure A-8 shows that the instrumen
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If the emissivity of a gray body is
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Under certain conditions, an error
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EXAM score! Non-graybody (colored b
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Figure A-10 illustrates the spectra
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Figure A-10 Infrared Transmission o
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Figure A-11 Infrared Spectral Trans
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Figure A-11 shows transmission curv
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EXAM score! Glass is opaque λ > 5
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Figure A-12 Characteristics of IR T
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The characteristics of the window m
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IR Lenses - LWIR Len Charlie Chong/
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IR Lenses - Fresnel Len Charlie Cho
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Figure A-13 Components of an Infrar
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Infrared optics are available in tw
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All infrared detector-transducers e
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Figure A-14 Typical Infrared Radiat
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Germanium Len Charlie Chong/ Fion Z
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Thermopile Detector Charlie Chong/
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The IR Detectors Infrared detectors
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Figure A-15 Spectral Sensitivity of
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The Mercury- Cadmium-telluride (Hgc
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The Mercury- Cadmium-Telluride (HgC
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Point-sensing instruments for measu
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A.3.6.1 Line Scanning The purpose o
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A.3.6.2 Two-Dimensional Scanning Th
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Opto-mechanical Scanner A typical c
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Electronic scanning Electronic scan
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Figure A-18 Schematic of a Typical
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Applications for infrared FPAs incl
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Staring Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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A.4.1 Point-Sensing Instruments For
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Temperature sensitivity is also cal
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EXAM score! thermal resolution (≠
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NETD - Noise Equivalent Temperature
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Figure A-19 Instrument Speed of Res
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Figure A-20 Fields of View of Infra
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Figure A-20 Fields of View of Infra
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The output requirements are totally
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Spectrally selective instruments em
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Figure A-21 Spectral Filtering for
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Figure A-22 shows a similar solutio
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A.4.2 Scanners and Imagers.Qualitat
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• Total field of view (TFOV): the
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Despite some manufacturers’ claim
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A.4.3.1 Temperature Sensitivity, Mi
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Figure A-23 Test Setup for MRTD Mea
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A.4.3.2 Spot Size (FOV) , Instantan
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■ A standard 4 bar (slit) resolut
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Both MRTD and MTF are functions of
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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IFOVmeas: The slit width at which t
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FPA Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http:
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FPA Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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A.4.3.3 Speed of Response and Frame
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A.4.4 Thermal Imaging Software In o
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The newest field-portable instrumen
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Appendix B Measuring Emissivity, Re
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Figure B-1 Target Radiosity Charlie
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The reference emitter technique wor
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1. Apply the reference emitter (E)
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B.2.2 Reflective Emissivity Techniq
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Figure B-3 Using the Reflective Emi
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Figure B-4 Using the Transmittance
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Appendix C Quick Reference Charts A
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MTF Determination Using An Ir Image
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Measuring And Setting Effective Emi
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Classification Of Faults (Guideline
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Reading: Four Emissivity: Understan
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Figure 1 shows a typical three-phas
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Figure IR1: Corresponding infrared
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Thermal radiation and properties of
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The thermal nature of materials. Ma
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So in plain English, when the therm
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Figure 2: Stainless steel block. (a
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Observed with our thermal imager (w
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Can you see my eye glasses in the i
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How can the thermal imager’s read
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When we remove the block from the o
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In this experiment we see that the
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://ww
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Using a narrow band filter to measu
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Emissivity, the variable’s variab
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Emissivity and electrical equipment
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In manufacturing processes, steel o
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In this case, we have another power
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Figure IR1: Corresponding infrared
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Figure 7: Measuring the loads on a
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Summary Predictive maintenance PDM
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It is much like most endeavors in l
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Good Luck Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Charlie https://www.yumpu.com/en/br
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