Odonata - Entomological Society of Latvia - Latvijas Daba

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The Doctoral thesis was developed in the Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology in 2003- 2011. IEGULDĪJUMS TAVĀ NĀKOTNĒ The work was supported by the European Social Fund within the project „Support for Doctoral Studies at University of Latvia”. Scientific supervisor: asoc. prof., Dr. biol. Voldemārs Spuņģis Promotion Council: Prof., Dr. biol. Guntis Brūmelis (University of Latvia), Chairman of the Council Prof., Dr. hab. biol. Ģederts Ieviņš (University of Latvia) Doc., Dr. biol. Maija Balode (Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology) Doc., Dr. biol. Ivars Druvietis (University of Latvia) Senior researcher, Dr. biol. Solvita Strāķe (Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology) Opponents (Official reviewers): Prof., Dr. biol. Artūrs Škute (University of Daugavpils) Senior researcher, Dr. biol. Solvita Strāķe (Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology) Asoc. prof., Dr. biol. Eduardas Budrys (Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania) The defence of Doctoral thesis will be held on March 20, 2012 at 14:00 in an open session of the Promotion Council at the Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Kronvalda bulv. 4, Riga, lecture-room 2. The Doctoral thesis is available at the Library of the University of Latvia, Kalpaka bulv. 4, Riga. References should be addressed to scientific secretary Daina Eze, the Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Kronvalda bulv. 4, LV-1586, Riga, Latvia; fax: +371 67034862; e-mail: Daina.Eze@lu.lv. © Mārtiņš Kalniņš, 2012 © University of Latvia, 2012 © Entomological Society of Latvia, 2012 41
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. IMPORTANCE OF DRAGONFLIES IN NATURE The existence of dragonflies (Odonata) dates back almost 300 million years and it has required adaption of the species to the changes in the environment. Now dragonflies are a fusion of specific and archaic characteristics. The lengthy existence of the dragonflies was enabled by their simple body structure, which is suited to survival in various and changing natural conditions (Corbet 2004). Dragonflies are common almost all over the world in various freshwater and stale water habitats. Dragonflies as predators play important role in the regulation of the population of various invertebrates. Their importance in the ecosystems is increased due to the fact that adult dragonflies live in dry-land environment, while larvae in water environment (Corbet 2004). Dragonflies are important for the feeding of salmoniformes (Митанс 1971, Слока 1959, Blumenshine et al. 2000), and of birds, for example, galliformes (Тима 1961) and cavity-nesting birds (Тима 1958). Dragonfly larvae have been indicated in the nutrition of mammals, for example, otters (Smiroldo et al. 2009). Dragonfly larvae serve as indicators of the ecological quality of water bodies (Cimdiņš et al. 1995; Hardersen 2000), while adult dragonflies are more and more often used in the characterization of climate changes (Ott 2001; Termaat et al. 2010). The long and comparatively intensive investigation of dragonfly fauna in Latvia dates back more than 230 years and, in comparison with the research of other insects, it is a long period of investigation. To date only one publication (Спурис 1956) enlists all information about the distribution and occurrence of dragonflies in Latvia at that time. Analysis and summarization of more recent data concerns only few species, for example, Nehalennia speciosa (Kalniņš et al. 2011), Aeshna subarctica (Kalniņš 2012c), Leucorrhinia pectoralis (Kalniņš 2007a) and L. albifrons un L. caudalis (Kalniņš 2008). The existence and volume of the past researches allow more focused planning and organization of new researches, as well as analysis of changes and regularities in the course of time. The spread of the data throughout publications, collections and reports makes the use of the data more difficult. In the last 20 years the amount of data obtained in the course of various projects has grown considerably; however the data are mostly reviewed in the project reports and are never published. Accordingly, the obtained information is rarely used for scientific purposes. Although dragonflies are much researched in the world (cf. Corbet 2004; Dijkstra 2006), the changes in the composition of the species are always topical; similarly, information about the role of habitats in all stages of the development of dragonflies and spatial distribution of individual dragonflies is needed. Many findings of other researchers may not be applicable in case of Latvia due to typological differences of climate and water bodies. Due to greater anthropogenic load on the environment, the areas of natural habitats, as well as the overall biological diversity are decreasing (cf. Niemelä et al. 2000; Auniņš 2010). Due to this influence dragonflies and many other species are included in the lists of globally and regionally endangered species, as their populations diminish and there is a risk of their extinction (Kalkman et al. 2010). Several dragonfly species that are rare and endangered in Western Europe are comparatively common in Latvia. This allows to make the research of the dragonflies’ species and eventually to develop the necessary measures needed for the protection and conservation of the species. However, in order to implement this, it is important to obtain up-to-date information about the changes in the composition of the species, the spatial distribution of individual dragonflies, possible differences of the areas inhabited by the species in the Baltic Sea region and the important factors influencing them. 42
Page 1 and 2: LATVIJAS UNIVERSITĀTE Bioloģijas
Page 3 and 4: SATURS / CONTENT 1. IEVADS.........
Page 5 and 6: 1.2. PĒTĪJUMA MĒRĶIS, DARBA UZD
Page 7 and 8: Citas publikācijas Kalniņš M., J
Page 9 and 10: 2. MATERIĀLI UN METODES Pamatdati.
Page 11 and 12: izmantota standartizēta paraugu ie
Page 13 and 14: 3. REZULTĀTI 3.1. SPĀRU FAUNISTIS
Page 15 and 16: Dati par spārēm aptver 839 kvadr
Page 17 and 18: 3. tabulas turpinājums Taksons Aes
Page 19 and 20: Pēc procentuālā seguma transekt
Page 21 and 22: 3.3. GOMPHIDAE DZIMTAS SPĀRU KĀPU
Page 23 and 24: 11. attēls. Nehalennia speciosa iz
Page 25 and 26: Ophiogomphus cecilia. Suga konstat
Page 27 and 28: 16. attēls. Leucorrhinia pectorali
Page 29 and 30: sugas ar ļoti plašiem vai plašie
Page 31 and 32: faktors ir tas, cik kokaugu veģet
Page 33 and 34: sastopama oļu un akmeņu mikrobiot
Page 35 and 36: Salīdzinot sugas apdzīvotos bioto
Page 37 and 38: meklējumiem īpaši aizsargājamo
Page 39: 6. PATEICĪBAS Paldies darba vadīt
Page 44 and 45: 1.2. THE AIM, TASKS AND THESES The
Page 46 and 47: Kalniņš M. 2006. The distribution
Page 48 and 49: 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS Basic data.
Page 50 and 51: 2.3. RESEARCH OF THE OCCURRENCE AND
Page 52 and 53: Figure 1. The location of dragonfly
Page 54 and 55: Table 2. Potential southern species
Page 56 and 57: unneum (Table 3). 59 distribution m
Page 58 and 59: 3.2. THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF DR
Page 60 and 61: Figure 7. Correlation between veget
Page 62 and 63: Pe 5% Gr 15% Co 12% Ma 3% Mu 26% De
Page 64 and 65: Figure 12. A distribution of Aeshna
Page 66 and 67: Figure 14. A distribution of Leucor
Page 68 and 69: 4. DISCUSSION 4.1. THE CHANGES IN D
Page 70 and 71: many other issues are not specific
Page 72 and 73: habitats of open or wooded bogs. Ac
Page 74 and 75: of its localities. This general cor
Page 76 and 77: Figure 19. A distribution of Aeshna
Page 78 and 79: suitability of a habitat is charact
Page 80 and 81: 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My thanks to my
Page 82 and 83: De Marmels J., Schiess H. 1977. Zum
Page 84 and 85: Niemelä J., Kotze J., Ashworth A.,

Odonata - Entomological Society of Latvia - Latvijas Daba

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