ACTA BIOLOGICA CRACOVIENSIA

16 TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CAROTENOIDS
carotenoids in the mixture at the wavelength of 470 nm; Dlyc is
the optical density of pure lycopene at the wavelength of 470 nm.
Knowing the extinction coefficient of the 1% solution pure
β-carotene in hexane (A 1%
βcar
=2116) at the wavelength of 470 nm,
it is possible to determine the actual content of β-carotene in the
carotenoid mixture. The prediction quality of the UV-vis method
was sufficient and the obtained results were very close to the
ones, being measured with the HPLC technique.
The proposed method can be used for both routine industrial
work and academic research, providing the rapid analysis for
simultaneous measurements of lycopene and β-carotene.
3.25.
Agro-food wastes as substrates for
biotechnological carotenoids production
Emmanouil H. Papaioannou1,2 ,
Maria Liakopoulou-Kyriakides 1
1 Section of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle
University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece,
markyr@eng.auth.gr
2 Laboratory of Natural Resources and Renewable Energies
Utilization, Chemical Process Engineering Research Institute
(CPERI), Centre for Research and Technology-Hellas (CERTH),
57001, Thessaloniki, Greece, empapaio@cperi.certh.gr
Carotenoids are one of the most abundant groups of natural pigments,
with broad range of biological effects, serving mainly as
lipophilic antioxidants and some of them present provitamin A
activity. The all-trans-β-carotene has the higher provitamin A activity,
and is produced chemically and biotechnologically. Nowadays,
there are a lot of efforts towards sustainable development of chemicals
with less environmental impact, meaning production of 'allnatural'
chemicals under mild conditions including biotechnological
approaches. The microorganism used in industrial scale for
β-carotene production is the mated cultures of a heterothallic fungus
Blakeslea trispora. Despite the intense research for β-carotene
production by B. trispora, natural substrate utilization has not
been extensively studied (Dholakia and Modi, 1982). The utilization
of solid agro-food wastes such as cabbage, watermelon rind
and peach peels from northern Greece as main carbon source into
submerged B. trispora cultures for carotenoids production, is
examined here. There was used 100 g/L agro-food waste in each
case, with an estimated water content 88-95%, giving a biomass
accumulation about 10-13 g/L, comparable to that from synthetic
substrate where pure glucose 50 g/L was used (Papaioannou and
Liakopoulou, 2010). All these natural substrates gave a β-carotene
percentage 80-90%, estimated by HPLC analysis, in respect to total
main carotenoids obtained: namely γ-carotene, β-carotene and
lycopene. This β-carotene percentage is higher from the synthetic
substrates used previously. In addition total carotenoids volumetric
production was quite high (~200-250 mg/L), with cabbage
exhibiting the best performance. Though, optimization studies are
necessary with each substrate in order to maximize the yield. The
above results further support that B. trispora may utilize also different
origins agro-food wastes for carotenoids production.
Dr Papaioannou EH thanks the State Scholarship Foundation of
Greece (IKY) for his postdoctoral scholarship.
REFERENCES
DHOLAKIA JN and MODI VV. 1982. Fermentative production of
β-carotene and extracellular β-glucosidase by Blakeslea trispora
grown on cellobiose. European Journal of Applied Microbiology
and Biotechnology 15: 33-35.
PAPAIOANNOU EH and LIAKOPOULOU-KYRIAKIDES M. 2010. Substrate contribution
on carotenoids production in Blakeslea trispora cultivations.
Food & Bioproducts Processing 88: 305-311.
3.26.
Tomato peel lycopene recovery under mild
conditions assisted by enzymatic
pre-treatment and non-ionic surfactants
Emmanouil H. Papaioannou, Anastasios J. Karabelas
Laboratory of Natural Resources and Renewable Energies
Utilization, Chemical Process Engineering Research Institute
(CPERI), Centre for Research and Technology-Hellas (CERTH),
57001, Thessaloniki, Greece, empapaio@cperi.certh.gr,
karabaj@cperi.certh.gr
Tomato peel residues, a by-product of the tomato processing industry,
are annually generated in large amounts usually creating environmental
problems. These residues contain significant quantities
of lycopene, a lipophilic carotenoid pigment that possesses higher
antioxidant activity compared to other carotenoids. The enzymatic
pretreatment of agro-wastes is an already established approach with
many applications for recovering compounds of biological significance
and other high added value products (Lavacchia and Zuorro,
2008). However, the use of surfactants to facilitate the recovery of
such compounds from their natural matrices is another alternative
(Chatzilazarou et al., 2010). In this study, the enzymatic pretreatment
of tomato peels, using two commercially available pectinolytic
enzyme preparations is examined with regard to pretreatment time,
enzyme amount and pH. One enzyme preparation (Citrozym® CEO)
appears to perform better with an optimum concentration 250
U/mL for 1 h, while the pH effect is not significant. Lycopene surfactant
– assisted extraction was further investigated, showing that
the most suitable surfactant was "Span 20" (among eight different
surfactants used) with an optimum stoichiometry >5 molecules of
surfactant/ lycopene. The sequential utilization of the enzymatic pretreatment
and surfactant-assisted extraction (30 min for each step)
was evaluated, showing that it can lead to an improvement in
lycopene extraction yield, with lower surfactant stoichiometry (i.e. 4
to 5). In the latter case, the yield of lycopene recovery almost doubled
compared to simple 1 hr enzymatic pretreatment, and was
approximately ten times higher with reference to recovery from
untreated peels. Furthermore, in this case, the recovered lycopene
is in an aqueous emulsion formulation readily usable for applications
in the food and cosmetics industries; this is of paramount
importance for such a lipophilic compound recovery, avoiding the
use of organic solvents and thus being environmental friendly.
REFERENCES
LAVECCHIA R and ZUORRO A. 2008. Improved lycopene extraction from
tomato peels using cell-wall degrading enzymes. European Food
Research and Technology 228: 153-158.
CHATZILAZAROU A, KATSOYANNOS E, GORTZI O, LALAS S, PARASKEVOPOULOS
Y, DOURTOGLOU E, TSAKNIS J. 2010. Removal of polyphenols from
wine sludge using cloud point extraction. Journal of the Air &
Waste Management Association 60: 454-459.
3.27.
Determination of all-trans-lutein in spinach
Breda Simonovska 1 , Katarina Èerneliè 1,2 , Irena Vovk 1,2
SESSION 3
1 National Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory for Food Chemistry,
Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia,
breda.simonovska@ki.si; katarina.cernelic@yahoo.com,
irena.vovk@ki.si
2 EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Dunajska 156, SI-1000 Ljubljana,
Slovenia, irena.vovk@enfist.si
The aim of our work was to find the optimum conditions for
determination of lutein in lyophilised spinach sample using non-
62 ACTA BIOLOGICA CRACOVIENSIA Series Botanica