ACTA BIOLOGICA CRACOVIENSIA

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16 TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CAROTENOIDS Macular pigment changes after cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation Akira Obana1,2 , Masaki Tanito3 , Yuko Gohto1 , Werner Gellermann 4 , Shigetoshi Okazaki2 , Akihiro Ohira3 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Sumiyoshi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu City, 430-8558, Japan.obana@sis.seirei.or.jp, yukogo@sis.seirei.or.jp 2 Department of Medical Spectroscopy, Applied Medical Photonics Laboratory, Medical Photonics Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu City, 431-3192, Japan, okazaki@hama-med.ac.jp 3 Department of Ophthalmology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Shiojicho, Izumo City, 693-8501, Japan, mtanito@med.shimane-u.ac.jp, aohira@med.shimane-u.ac.jp 4 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah84112, USA, werner@physics.utah.edu Purpose: Macular pigment optical density (MPOD) levels after cataract surgery was compared between eyes with clear intraocular lenses (IOLs) and yellow-tinted IOLs implantation. Design: Prospective, comparative case series. Patients and Methods:The data from 259 eyes (clear IOL group, 121 eyes; yellow-tinted IOL group, 138 eyes) of 259 Japanese patients who met the inclusion criteria, i.e., a postoperative visual acuity (VA) of 0.8 and better and no fundus diseases were analyzed. Patients provided informed consent to participate in this study based on the approval of the institutional review board.MPOD levels were measured using resonance Raman spectroscopy on day 1 (baseline value), months 1, 3, and 6, and years 1 and 2 postoperatively. The following parameters were analyzed by multiple regression analysis: age, gender, body mass index, smoking history, glaucoma, diabetes, preoperative VA, preoperative refractive error, and IOL power and type. Results: We found no significant differences in the baseline characteristics between the two groups. Until 6 months postoperatively, the MPOD levelsdid not differ significantly between the groups. However, from 1 year onward, the levels were significantly higher in the yellow-tinted IOL group compared with the clear IOL group. By multiple regression analysis, 1 day postoperatively, older age and diabetes were correlated with lower MPOD levels; 1 year postoperatively and thereafter, however, lower MPOD levelswere correlated with clear IOLs. Conclusions: Cataract surgery with clear IOLs induced a greater decrease in MPOD compared with yellow-tinted IOLs during a longer follow-up period. The reason of the deterioration has not been unclear, but excessive light exposure through clear IOLs might beone reason. Antioxidant properties of macular carotenoids and their susceptibility to degradation: protective and deleterious effects on cultured retinal pigment epithelium Małgorzata Różanowska 1 , Linda Bakker 1 , Michael E. Boulton 2 , Anna Pawlak 3 , Bartosz Różanowski 4 1 School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, CF24 4LU Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom, RozanowskaMB@cf.ac.uk 2 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, MEBoulton@ufl.edu 3 Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland, anna.pawlak@uj.edu.pl 4 Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University, Ul Podbrzezie 3, 31-358 Kraków, Poland, rozanob@ap.krakow.pl Lutein and zeaxanthin and their metabolites accumulate in the human retina reaching submilimolar concentrations in the area responsible for acute vision, the macula. These macular carotenoids exhibit potent antioxidant properties in free radical scavenging and particularly in quenching of singlet oxygen. The retina requires efficient antioxidant protection because it is inherently at risk of oxidative stress due to high oxygen tension, extremely active mitochondrial metabolism, accumulation of weakly chelated iron, exposure to visible light and abundant polyunsaturated lipids, such as docosahexaenoate (DHA). Some epidemiological studies indicate that people with dietary rich in macular carotenoids are at lower risk of developing age-related macular degeneration (AMD) – the major cause of blindness in the elderly. AMD is associated with an increased oxidative stress in the retina. As a result of exposure to reactive oxygen species, carotenoids are susceptible to degradation. Degradation products of lutein and zeaxanthin obtained by exposure to autooxidized DHA, iron ions, light or combinations thereof exhibit potent photosensitizing properties (quantum yields of singlet oxygen generation of ~30%) and cytotoxicity to cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cell line, ARPE-19. Vitamins C and E can inhibit macular carotenoid degradation and therefore provide synergistic protection against oxidative damage, even under conditions where carotenoid alone exacerbates oxidative damage to ARPE-19 cells and increases cytotoxicity. In turn, macular carotenoid can partly protect from deleterious effects of vitamin C in photosensitized damage. Our results demonstrate that there is a need for a very intricate balance between different antioxidants to provide antioxidant protection in vitro. Increasing concentration of a single antioxidant, such as macular carotenoid, is inefficient as a way of increasing antioxidant protection, and may even lead to deleterious effects. Our results indicate that caution may be needed with supplementation of the elderly with lutein and zeaxanthin, and development of optimized antioxidant combination is required. Lutein and zeaxanthin in the monkey retina – results of a successful research collaboration between academia and industry Wolfgang Schalch (for the Research Group listed in the acknowledgement) DSM Nutritional Products, P.O.Box 3255, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland, wolfgang.schalch@dsm.com SESSION 7 This lecture reviews results of a lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation experiment in 18 monkeys that had been fed a xanthophyll-free diet since conception. Consequently, these monkeys did not have any lutein or zeaxanthin in plasma nor was macular pigment optical density (MPOD) detectable in their retinas. 12 of these monkeys were supplemented with pure (i.e. zeaxanthin-free, see acknowledgement) lutein or zeaxanthin at 2.2. mg per kg body weight and day for 56 weeks, while the remaining 6 monkeys were left on their original feed. A group of monkeys on usual diet with normal levels of xanthophylls in plasma and macula served as further control. During supplementation, plasma xanthophylls as well as MPOD were monitored at regular intervals and raised substantially, but without reaching levels observed in monkeys on normal diets, indicating that the livelong absence of xanthophylls may have impaired the ability to accumulate xanthophylls. At the end of the experiment, retinas were excised and analyzed for various parameters. Morphologically, irregularities in the cellular distribution profile in the RPE (Retinal Pigment Epithelium) were found, which further indicated a possible con- 98 ACTA BIOLOGICA CRACOVIENSIA Series Botanica
CAROTENOIDS AND VISION sequence of the lifelong xanthophyll deprivation, particularly because supplementation partly corrected these irregularities. Chiral analyses of the xanthophylls in the retina by HPLC unequivocally revealed lutein as the source of meso-zeaxanthin, which could not be detected in monkeys fed zeaxanthin. In order to evaluate the role of xanthophylls in blue light protection, retinas of xanthophyll-free, supplemented and normal control monkeys were exposed to blue laser light and consecutively analyzed regarding the size of the resulting photochemical lesions in dependence of the radiant exposure energy. Exposure was within fovea (MPOD present) or parafovea (MPOD absent). Xanthophyll-free animals exhibited identical vulnerability to blue light in fovea and parafovea, whereas in supplemented animals the vulnerability of the fovea was substantially reduced, actually to vulnerability levels found in normal control animals, demonstrating that supplementation has provided the retina with substantial protection from blue light. Acknowledgement: Felix Barker – Salus University, Philadelphia; Joachim Gerss, Wolfgang Köpcke – University of Münster; Alfred Giger (with colleagues) – Chemical Research Centre DSM, for the preparation of 50 kg of zeaxanthin-free lutein; Elizabeth Johnson – Tufts University, Boston; Ivan Leung – Singapore Polytechnic; Martha Neuringer – Oregon National Primate Research Centre; Max Snodderly – University of Texas, Austin. Genes and nutrition are related to age-related macular degeneration Johanna M. Seddon Professor of Ophthalmology, Director, Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Genetics Service, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA USA Objective: The hepatic lipase (LIPC) and cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) genes in the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) pathway are significantly related to advanced agerelated macular degeneration (AMD). HDL is the major lipoprotein transporter of lutein and zeaxanthin in the body. Therefore, we evaluated the association and interaction between these genes and dietary lutein and AMD. Methods: Participants with advanced AMD or no AMD were evaluated. AMD status was determined using fundus photography. Covariates included cigarette smoking, body mass index (BMI), antioxidant intake and dietary lutein. Individuals were genotyped for snps in the LIPC and CETP genes as well as seven previously identified AMD genetic loci. Unconditional logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: The TT genotype of the LIPC variant was associated with a reduced risk of AMD controlling for age, gender, smoking, body mass index (BMI), nutritional factors and other genes. The magnitude of the effect was similar for both atrophic and neovascular forms of AMD. Cigarette smoking and higher BMI increased risk, while higher dietary lutein reduced risk of advanced AMD, adjusting for genetic variants. Conclusions: LIPC and CETP genes are associated with advanced AMD and higher dietary lutein reduces risk, independent of demographic, environmental and other genetic variables. Behavioral, lifestyle, and genetic factors predict risk of AMD. REFERENCES NEALE BM, FAGERNESS J, REYNOLDS R et al. 2010. Genome-wide association study of advanced age-related macular degeneration identifies a role of the hepatic lipase gene (LIPC). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107: 7395-7400. REYNOLDS R, ROSNER B, SEDDON JM. 2010. Serum lipid biomarkers and hepatic lipase gene associations with age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmol 117: 1989-1995. Vol. 53, suppl. 1, 2011 17–22 July 2011, Krakow, Poland SEDDON JM, REYNOLDS R, MALLER J, FAGERNESS JA, DALY MJ, ROSNER B. 2009. Prediction model for prevalence and incidence of advanced age-related macular degeneration based on genetic demographic, and environmental variables. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50: 2044-2053. SEDDON JM, REYNOLDS R, ROSNER B. 2010. Associations of smoking, body mass index, dietary lutein, and the LIPC gene variant rs10468017 with advanced age-related macular degeneration. Mol Vis 16: 2412-2424. 99
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ACTA BIOLOGICA CRACOVIENSIA SERIES
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ACTA BIOLOGICA CRACOVIENSIA Series
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Patronage Mayor of the City of Krak
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Organizing Committee Małgorzata Ba
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Plenary lectures
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16 TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CA
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Session 1 Nutritional Carotenoids a
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NUTRITIONAL CAROTENOIDS AND THEIR I
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Session 2 Photosynthesis, Photochem
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS, PHOTOCHEMISTRY, AND
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Page 48 and 49: Professor Dr. Hans-Dieter Martin 19
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Page 67 and 68: CAROTENOIDS IN THE PREVENTION OF CA
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Page 83 and 84: BIOSYNTHESIS, GENETICS, AND METABOL
Page 95: Session 7 Carotenoids and Vision
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Page 111 and 112: Index of Authors Abe K 44 Abramchik
Page 113 and 114: Szõke E 58 Szolcsány J 58 Szurkow
Page 115 and 116: ROMEO JT. 1973. A chemotaxonomic st
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