ACTA BIOLOGICA CRACOVIENSIA

CHEMISTRY, ANALYSIS, CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS, AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF CAROTENOIDS
toxic solvents and miniaturised and simple preparation of the test
solution. We were also interested in influence of addition of
antioxidants during the preparation of test solution and extraction
in air or in nitrogen atmosphere.
Extraction of 10 mg of lyophilized and powdered plant material
with 10 ml of ethanol with magnetic stirring for one hour at
room temperature in tubes gave a satisfactory test solution after
centrifugation. Two replicates of sample test solutions, two replicates
of standard solutions and two replicates of spiked test solution
with the same concentration of standard were simultaneously
prepared. The same procedure was repeated with addition of
10 mg of antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) or tertbutylhydroquinone
(TBHQ) to all standard solutions, extracts
and spiked extracts. The whole experiment with magnetic stirring
of solutions of standards, extracts of spinach and spiked extracts
was performed in air and under nitrogen. Absorbances of standard
solutions at 445 nm before and after the stirring were measured
and served for the determination of the concentration of
lutein in standard solutions, taking the published value 2550 as
specific absorption coefficient at 445 nm. HPLC determination of
all-trans-lutein was performed on Prontosil C30 column,
250×4.6 mm, with 5 μm particles. Gradient of acetone-water was
used for the separation of compounds. The eluted compounds
were detected by PDA. For the calculation of the content of lutein
in lyophilised spinach sample and determination of % recovery,
standard treated in the same way as samples was taken.
Extraction in nitrogen gave significantly higher values for the content
of lutein in spinach compared to the extraction in air (about
10%), but the influence of antioxidants was not significant.
Recovery was close to 100% at extraction in nitrogen, but lower
in air, which means that lutein in the mixture with other compounds
in the spinach extract was more susceptible to degradation
than in standard solution during stirring. The results were
verified on the certified material for the determination of
carotenoids.
3.28.
Metabolomic characterization of sea buckthorn
products based on carotenoid fingerprint
Raluca M. Pop 1 , Carmen Socaciu 2
1University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine,
Mãnãstur Street, 3-5, 400372, 9 Cluj-Napoca, Romania,
Telephone: +40-264-596384/126, raluca_parlog@yahoo.com
2University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine,
Mãnãstur Street, 3-5, 400372, 9 Cluj-Napoca, Romania,
Telephone: +40-264-596384/126, casocaciu@usamvcluj.ro
Sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) is a deciduous treelike
shrub with yellow or orange berries, rich in bioactive compounds
i.e. vitamins, phenolics, lipids, tocopherols, carotenoids
and phytosterols with benefitial effect on human health and nutrition
(Sabir et al., 2005). Among the biologically active substances,
carotenoids have essential functions in photosynthesis, photoprotection,
and also possess various activities such as anti-oxidant,
antimutagenic and anti-tumour activity (Pintea et al., 2001).
Using a metabolomic approach, untargeted fingerprinting of
carotenoids was performed in order to characterize sea buckthorn
products like fruits, juice, seed oil and seeds. The major
carotenoids found in sea buckthorn products were lutein, zeaxanthin,
lycopene, β carotene and esters of β cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin
and lutein, mainly esterified with saturated fatty acids like
palmitic and myristic. Among sea buckthorn based products, sea
buckthorn berries had the highest total carotenoid content (151
mg/100g DW) compared to 3.74 mg/100g FW, 43 and 22 mg/100g
Vol. 53, suppl. 1, 2011
DW found in sea buckthorn juice, seed oil and seeds respectively.
The esterified carotenoids were the predominant fraction in all
carotenoid extracts, corresponding to aprox. 62 % of the total
carotenoids in sea buckthorn berries, 73% in sea buckthorn
juice, 90% in sea buckthorn seed oil and 60% in sea buckthorn
seeds. Among the free forms of investigated carotenoids, ?
carotene was detected in the highest percentages. The results
obtained suggested that carotenoids can be used as important
biomarkers for metabolomic studies, having also important
application in food science to evaluate quality, authenticity/adulteration
and traceability of sea buckthorn products.
A part of research was supported by a European Social Fund Doctoral
Program POSDRU/6/1.5/S/20 and Postdoctoral Program POS-
DRU/89/1.5/S/60746.
REFERENCES
PINTEA A, MARPEAU A, FAYE M, SOCACIU C. 2001. Polar lipid and fatty acid
distribution in carotenolipoprotein complexes extracted from sea
buckthorn fruits. Phytochemical Analysis 12: 293-298.
SABIR SM, MAQSOOD H, HAYAT I, KHAN MQ, KHALIQ A. 2005. Elemental
and nutritional analysis of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides
ssp. turkestanica) berries of Pakistani origin. Journal of
Medicinal Food 8: 518-522.
3.29.
July 17– 22, 2011, Krakow, Poland
Study of surface properties of highly
unsaturated conjugated soaps
Asma Zaidi1 , Inger Lise Alsvik1 , Christer L. Øpstad1 ,
Hansgeorg Ernst2 , Hans-Richard Sliwka1 , Vassilia Partali1 1Department of Chemistry, Realfagbygg, Norwegian University of
Science and Technology 7491 Trondheim, Norway,
asma.zaidi@chem.ntnu.no
2Fine Chemicals Research BASF AG, 67056 Ludwigshafen,
Germany
The surface activity of ionic sodium and potassium salts of C12 –
C18 saturated fatty acids is known since ancient times [1]. Only
at an almost recent time soaps found scientific consideration [2].
The special properties of soaps led to the concept of surface tension,
of micelles, critical micelle concentration, surface molecular
area and to the designation "surfactant" (surface active agents).
In nutrition saturated fatty acid gained lately a bad reputation
in contrast to the numinous properties of unsaturated fatty acids.
However, cleansing with highly unsaturated soaps is a subject
that never came up; saturated soaps stand all times strong and
maintain the bathroom monopoly.
There are both reasons for alikeness or disparity of saturated
and polyunsaturated soaps. In consequence, the surface properties
of saturated and conjugated unsaturated fatty acids were
systematically compared. Any such investigation is severely hampered
by the inherent instability of unsaturated fatty acids with
extended conjugation. Therefore, it was evident right from the
outset of our study that we should make a draft on stable unsaturated
conjugated acids. These acids are known as apocarotenoid
acids. C20- (retinoic acid) and C30-carotenoid acid
(food color E 160f) are commercially available. Other acids were
synthesized. When we compared the critical micelle concentration
of the Na and K salts of C4 – C22 saturated acids with the K, Na
and Cs salts of C10 – C22 carotenoid acids the results were largely
in agreement. However, the K, Na and Cs salts of the longer
chain unsaturated acids deviate considerably from the short and
medium unsaturated carotenoid salts.
We present our preliminary data demonstrating the commonalities
for shorter chain saturated and unsaturated soaps
and point to the unexpected discord in surface properties for the
long chain unsaturated soaps.
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