Master of Engineering Balram Sahu - Embedded Sensing ...

ContentsTable of ContentsList of FiguresAbstractiiivvii1 Introduction 11.1 Energy Constrained Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1.1 Low-power Digital Signal Processor and Micro-controller Units . . 21.1.2 Wireless Micro-sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.1.3 Biomedical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.1.4 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2.1 Battery Lifetime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2.2 Energy Harvesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.3 Thesis Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.4 Thesis Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Background 52.1 Modeling for Sub-threshold operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.2 Challenges in Sub-threshold operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Modifications in Standard Cell Library 113.1 Transmission gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.2 Standard transmission gate CMOS Flip-flop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.3 Clocked Inverter CMOS Flip-flop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.4 Modification in Standard Cell Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14iii