Special Issue Survey of Cetaceans in Captive Care

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378 Couquiaudrequiring an underwater view such as acoustic andbehavioural experiments. Cabling and storage forhydrophones, video cameras, a computer, a communicationsystem between the upper deck andtrainers’ room, Internet connections, and underwaterlighting also can be included in the design(for more details, see Chapter 5).Figure 8.7. Surgery roomFigure 8.8. Laboratory equipmentFigure 8.9. LaboratoryTransportationTransportation of animals from one facility toanother is a long and potentially stressful operationfor the animals. It involves precise logistics,high costs, extensive personnel, and usually severaltransportation methods such as cargo airplanes,trucks, and sometimes boats. Techniquesand equipment have been developed over the past30 years to cope with the unique physiology ofcetaceans, thus ensuring safe and successful transportation.They are reviewed in detail by Antrim& McBain (2001) and by the Alliance of MarineMammal Parks and Aquariums (Anonymous,2003) and will not be discussed here. Nevertheless,transportation of cetaceans is subject to regulationsin most countries and, therefore, both thenational and international regulations of the countriesinvolved must be followed.In a large facility, dolphins and whales sometimeshave to be moved between pools or formedical or husbandry purposes. Transportationcan be facilitated by the layout of the pool surroundings,and adequate equipment can be availablein or near the enclosure (e.g., a lifting poolbottom, a crane, a hoist, or a beaching area). Tofacilitate transportation, animals can be trainedto slide into a stretcher, which can then be liftedmanually by trainers or by a hoist or a crane, andthen transported by truck if necessary. Because itis a stressful operation for the animal, it shouldbe avoided unless deemed necessary for animalmanagement or veterinary purposes. Animals canbe desensitised through training, thereby reducingstress and potential harm to the animal and staff.Regulatory Offices and OrganismsCetacean movements are subject to the Conventionon International Trade in Endangered Species ofWild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which is an agreementbetween governments (Corkeron, 2002). Itsaim is to ensure that international trade in specimensof wild fauna and plants does not threatentheir survival. Today, 167 countries are members.These species are listed in three different appendices,depending on their status. Appendix I lists speciesthreatened with extinction and for which tradeis permitted only in exceptional circumstances.
8. Husbandry 379Appendix II includes species not necessarily threatenedwith extinction, but for which trade must becontrolled to avoid utilisation incompatible withtheir survival. Appendix III lists species that areprotected in at least one country, which has askedother CITES parties for assistance in controlling thetrade (Anonymous, 2005d). All cetacean speciesare included in the CITES Appendices I or II; therefore,all imports, exports, re-exports, and introductionsfrom the sea are controlled through a licensingsystem. Exchange or trade of wild-born cetaceansbetween institutions belonging to member countriesare subject to CITES permits. Animals bredin captivity are subject to permit variations. CITEShas been in operation in the European Union since1984. In 1997, two new regulations replaced the oldlegislation, which since that date are the core of theEU wildlife trade legislation with some differencesfrom the CITES texts (Anonymous, 2005g).The World Conservation Union (IUCN) is aninternational union of 140 countries, which establishesa Red List of Threatened Species. The IUCNmembers originally adopted the resolution thatallowed the CITES agreement in 1973. This listprovides the conservation status of each speciesthreatened with extinction. It also proposes actionplans (Reeves et al., 2003) and publications withmore extensive listings such as Klinowska (1991),and a newsletter of the Cetacean Specialist Groupfrom the Species Survival Commission.Apart from these international regulations, eachcountry may be subject to other regulations—eithernational, federal or regional—concerning housing,breeding, care, and transport. Some countries lackregulations because of a lack of institutions housingcetaceans. They should refer to other countries’regulations before establishing their own. Inthe USA, legislation governing marine mammalsis quite complex because of the requirements ofthe Marine Mammal Protection Act, EndangeredSpecies Act, and the Animal Welfare Act (pleaserefer to Young & Shapiro, 2001, for more details).For other regulations, please contact professionalorganisations and national legislation websites.Many institutions housing cetaceans belongto the professional organisations mentioned inthe above paragraphs, which promote exchangesof knowledge and strive to ensure better care,improve housing standards, and enhance communicationsfor maintaining genetic diversitythrough collection management.In Europe, the EAAM is the professionalorganisation dedicated to marine mammals. It isresponsible for the coordination of breedingprograms, population management, and conservationstrategies through the European EndangeredSpecies Programme (EEP), the most intensivetype, and the European Studbook (ESB), alongwith other organisations such as the EuropeanAssociation of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA)(Anonymous, 2005f). The Taxon Advisory Group(TAG)’s task is to develop Regional CollectionPlans that describe which species are recommendedto be kept, why, and how to managethem. Together with the Species Committee,coordinators make recommendations to memberinstitutions for animal placements to encouragebreeding and preserve genetic diversity. It alsois the privileged representative interlocutor withregulatory offices in the EU and other Europeancountries, as well as environmental associationsor professional organisations. These organisationsalso promote public awareness of wildlife conservationissues, organise campaigns on conservationof selected species, and reintroduce captive-bredwildlife into restored or secured habitats.In the USA, similar organisations, such as theAmerican Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA)(Anonymous, 2005b), manage the equivalentof EEPs and ESBs—the SSPs and PopulationManagement Programs (PMPs). AMMPA is aninternational association of marine parks, aquaria,zoos, research facilities, and professional organisationsdedicated to the highest standards of carefor marine mammals and to their conservation inthe wild through public education, scientific study,and wildlife presentations (Anonymous, 2005a).AMMPA gives accreditations and serves as a representativein many regulation negotiations.Literature CitedAbel, R. S. (1986). Husbandry and training of captivedolphins. In M. M. Bryden & R. H. Harrison (Eds.),Research on dolphins (pp. 183-188). Oxford: ClarendonPress.Allen, M. E. (1996). Introduction: Basic husbandry. InD. G. Kleiman, M. E. Allen, K. V. Thompson, S.Lumpkin, & H. Harris (Eds.), Wild mammals in captivity:Principles and techniques (pp. 1-3). Chicago: TheUniversity of Chicago Press.Anonymous. (1979-1984, 1995). Specifications for thehumane handling, care, treatment and transportationof marine mammals (9 CFR, Subpart E, §3.100-118).Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.Anonymous. (1990). Supplement to the Secretary of Statestandards of modern zoo practice; additional standardsfor UK Cetacean keeping. United Kingdom Secretary ofState.Anonymous. (1992). Guidelines for the care, holding andtransport of marine mammals in Queensland (Draft).Queensland, Australia: Queensland Department ofPrimary Industries (QDPI). 39 pp.Anonymous. (2003). Alliance of Marine Mammal Parksand Aquariums: Standards and guidelines. Alexandria,
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1. Introduction 285of Architecture,
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welfare: Marine mammals (9 CFR Part
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Special Issue Survey of Cetaceans in Captive Care

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