Special Issue Survey of Cetaceans in Captive Care

Recommendations

Info

368 Couquiaudbut grouts are difficult to clean. Plastic or vinylliners are not recommended for fish house flooringas they are not resistant enough to punctures,cuts, and disinfectants. Floor lining will be appliedon wall plinths as well (15 to 20 cm high). Floorsshould be made of no-slip materials. All materialsused in the preparation room, from floor to ceiling,should be resistant to detergents, disinfectants, hotwater, and high pressure water. Preparation roomsalso will be equipped with a pressure hose and hotwater taps.Survey respondents recommended that the preparationroom be equipped with an ice machine (evenin facilities located in cold countries) and a manualor electronic stainless steel scale to weigh theamount of food given to the animals. The accuracyof the scale calibration will be checked regularly.Near the scale, a board will indicate the name ofeach dolphin, its daily food intake, and the portionsof fish species given. Data should then be recordeddaily and stored with other records, preferably digitally.Data can be more easily analysed if enteredinto a database or spreadsheet application.Figure 7.2. Grinder under sinkFigure 7.1. Fish kitchenPlastic or stainless steel buckets are used forfood distribution. Stainless steel buckets aredefinitely preferred over plastic. Although moreexpensive, they are easier to clean, more resistantto intensive manipulation, and less likely to tipover (survey). It is recommended that there be anelevated stainless steel mesh or perforated sheet atthe bottom of the bucket to allow melted ice andfish juices to be drained away from the remainingfood. Stainless steel lids should be used to coverthe food during transportation from the kitchento the pool to protect it from outside elementssuch as birds and wind-carried objects. Eachanimal requires two or three buckets if the foodis prepared in the morning for the whole day; thefeedings also can be placed in layers in the samebucket. After the buckets are prepared, there needsto be space available to store them. Buckets canbe hung upside-down on long pegs fixed in a wallFigure 7.3. Weighing individual rationsto air dry after cleaning and sanitising. The layoutof the preparation room will provide ample spaceto allow people to carry out several tasks simultaneously.No cleaning and disinfection should beconducted until the food is safely put in bucketsand removed from the room.SanitationSpecial attention will be paid to sanitation.Utensils, processing surfaces, walls, and floorsmust be cleaned and sanitised prior to and afterfish processing (Crissey, 1998). Staff must washtheir hands prior to handling food, vitamins, andmedicine tablets. A footbath with disinfectantshould be placed at the entrance of the preparation
7. Food and Fish House 369Figure 7.4. Buckets and coolersFigure 7.5. Fish cartroom, and staff must wear appropriate footwearlike rubber boots.Containers, such as buckets, tubs, and tanks,as well as utensils, such as knives and cuttingboards, along with any other equipment whichhas been used for holding, thawing, or preparingfood, should be cleaned and sanitised at leastonce daily if the animals are fed more than once aday (Anonymous, 1979-1984, 1995). Kitchen andother food handling areas should also be cleanedand sanitised daily. Fish prepared with uncleanequipment may become contaminated, renderingit unfit for consumption (Crissey, 1998). Theice machine, refrigerators, and freezers should becleaned and disinfected weekly (survey).Small equipment should be cleaned with adetergent and sanitised by washing with hotwater of 82º C or higher in a washing machine.Tables, sinks, buckets, scales, and all surfaces andlarge equipment should be disinfected by using asanitising rinse, which should remain in contactwith the surface for at least a minute and then thatsurface should be thoroughly rinsed with water.Sodium hypochlorite disinfectants (chlorine) suchas Chlorox (dilution disinfectant – water; 1:32)are cheap and efficient. Phenolic disinfectants,such as Lysol (1:32), are also cheap and efficient.Glutaraldehydes, such as Cidex (1:50), arecheap and among the most efficient disinfectants.Quaternary ammonium, such as Roccal (1:200), ischeap but only moderately efficient. Iodophores,such as Betadine and Metadine (undiluted), aresurgical antiseptics; they are more expensive butvery efficient. Hot water of at least 77º to 82º Ccan also be used for disinfection. Please refer tomore precise lists of characteristics of commondisinfectants in Crissey (1998), Dierauf (1990),and Dierauf & Gulland (2001). Survey respondentsrecommended to rotate the different disinfectantsto avoid any possible microbial resistance.Microbiological swabs from sinks, buckets,and various locations in the kitchen can be takenrandomly to confirm the efficiency and consistencyof sanitising procedures.Gully traps and drains should also be cleanedand sanitised daily to remove food debris. Theirnumber and location have to provide efficientdrainage. They will not be concealed, and thegrates will be removable and easy to clean.Grinders located under the sinks help to eliminatefood debris and prevent clogging of drainpipes.Both grinders and pipes will be carefully cleaned,maintained, and sanitised to avoid pests.Fish waste should not be kept in the samerefrigerator as fresh food, and it will be disposedof daily. The disposal of waste should complywith regulations. Parts of fish, such as heads, providingthey are of sufficient quality, can be givento nearby zoos or aviaries as bird food or to localfishermen to use as bait (survey).Literature CitedAmundin, M. (1986). Breeding the bottle-nosed dolphinTursiops truncatus at the Kolmarden Dolphinarium.International Zoo Yearbook, 24/25, 263-271.Anonymous. (1979-1984, 1995). Specifications for thehumane handling, care, treatment and transportationof marine mammals (9 CFR, Subpart E, §3.100-118).Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.Anonymous. (1992). Guidelines for the care, holding andtransport of marine mammals in Queensland (Draft).Queensland, Australia: Queensland Department ofPrimary Industries (QDPI). 39 pp.Barros, N. B., & Odell, D. K. (1990). Food habits of bottlenosedolphins in the Southern United States. In S.Leatherwood & R. R. Reeves (Eds.), The bottlenose dolphin(pp. 309-328). New York: Academic Press.Burrows, A., Schreib, S., & Smith, T. (1990). Sole use ofnon-food reinforcers in daily training sessions with anAmazon river dolphin, Inia geoffrensis. Proceedingsof the 18th IMATA Conference (pp 206-210), Chicago,Illinois.Crissey, S. D. (1998). Handling fish fed to fish-eatinganimals: A manual of standard operating procedures.
Page 3 and 4:
Aquatic Mammals 2005, 31(3), 279-28
Page 7 and 8:
Page 9 and 10:
1. Introduction 285of Architecture,
Page 11 and 12:
on the physiology, behavior, and he
Page 13 and 14:
2. Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises:
Page 15 and 16:
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
3. Survey of International Cetacean
Page 39 and 40:
3. Survey of International Cetacean
Page 41 and 42: 3. Survey of International Cetacean
Page 43 and 44: 3. Survey of International Cetacean
Page 45 and 46: 4. Types and Functions of Pools and
Page 47 and 48: 4. Types and Functions of Pools and
Page 49 and 50: welfare: Marine mammals (9 CFR Part
Page 51 and 52: 5. Architectural Design of Pools an
Page 75 and 76: Aquatic Mammals 2005, 31(3), 351-36
Page 77 and 78: 6. Life Support Systems 353sometime
Page 79 and 80: 6. Life Support Systems 355al., 199
Page 81 and 82: 6. Life Support Systems 357from coa
Page 83 and 84: 6. Life Support Systems 359antimicr
Page 85 and 86: 6. Life Support Systems 361contact
Page 87 and 88: 6. Life Support Systems 363Dierauf,
Page 89 and 90: 7. Food and Fish House 365in its se
Page 91: 7. Food and Fish House 367establish
Page 95 and 96: Aquatic Mammals 2005, 31(3), 371-38
Page 97 and 98: 8. Husbandry 373Figure 8.3. Milk sa
Page 99 and 100: 8. Husbandry 375reintroducing a new
Page 101 and 102: 8. Husbandry 377Rescue and Rehabili
Page 103 and 104: 8. Husbandry 379Appendix II include
Page 105 and 106: 8. Husbandry 381& R. J. Harrison (E
Page 107 and 108: Appendix 383Dolphinarium YaltaDolph
Page 109: Appendix 385Aomori Prefectural Asam
Page 113: Subscription Rates forAquatic Mamma
show all

Special Issue Survey of Cetaceans in Captive Care

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?