Special Issue Survey of Cetaceans in Captive Care

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314 CouquiaudTable 3.1. Number of facilities displaying cetaceans byspeciesCetacean speciesNumber offacilitiesBaiji (Lipotes vexillifer) * 1Beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) 17Boto (Inia geoffrensis) 3Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) 128Commerson’s dolphin (Cephalorhynchus 7commersonii)Common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) 2False killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) 16Finless porpoise (Neophocaena9phocaenoides)Franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei) ** 1Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) 3Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) 3Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) 3Killer whale (Orcinus orca) 16Melon-headed whale (Peponocephala1electra)***Pacific white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus 25obliquidens)Pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella1attenuata)Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus) 9Rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis) 2Short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus)2Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) 1Tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis) 1*The only Baiji kept for conservation purposes died in July2002.**The only Franciscana died in September 1999.***This originally rescued animal died in 2003.with 2 different/additional species (Duffield &Shell, 1996). The median number of species perfacility was 1 (maximum = 5). Sixty-one percentof the facilities displayed only 1 species, and 91%displayed the bottlenose dolphin as a single speciesor with other species.Asia had 50 facilities in 7 countries, and dataon the species were available for 42 of them.Asian institutions displayed a total of 14 species.The median number of species per facility was 2(maximum = 8). Thirty-two percent of the facilitiesdisplayed only 1 species, and 81% displayedthe bottlenose dolphin as a single species or withother species.Sampled Facilities (Data from Survey Only)In sampled facilities, 15 of the 21 species (71%)kept in human care were represented.Sampled European facilities (n = 17) housed129 cetaceans, of which 126 (98%) were bottlenosedolphins. Sampled Asian facilities (n = 11)house 162 animals, and among them 95 (59%)were bottlenose dolphins. Data from NorthAmerica and other continents were not analysedsince the sample was too small and would notbe representative. From the statistical analysis ofthe database of facilities, North America seemsto have results consistent with Europe and Asia.The latest update of the North American marinemammal census showed that out of 454 cetaceans,341 (75%) were bottlenose dolphins (Duffield &Shell, 1996).The variety of species displayed was comparedbetween European and Asian facilities (Figure3.5). All sampled facilities were assigned an identification(ID) number, which corresponded to theorder in which the completed questionnaires werereceived.Number of speciesAsian facilities North American facilities European facilitiesFigure 3.4. Comparison of the captive cetacean species among Asian, North American, and European facilities
3. Survey of International Cetacean Facilities 315Number of species per facilityEuropean facilities IDFigure 3.5. Comparison of the variety of displayed cetacean species between Europe and AsiaAsian facilities IDIn sampled European facilities (n = 17), themedian number of species was 1 (maximum = 2),in accordance with the statistical analysis of thewhole European database. Only 2 of the 7 speciesdisplayed in Europe were represented in sampledfacilities.In sampled Asian facilities (n = 11), the mediannumber of species was 2 (maximum = 8). Theresult was identical to the statistical analysis of thewhole Asian database. All 13 species displayed inAsia were represented in sampled facilities.Sampled European facilities displayed significantlyfewer cetacean species than Asian facilities(Man Whitney U test, Z = -4.234, p < 0.0001).European facilities display mainly the bottlenosedolphins; the six other species were located in a smallnumber of facilities. In contrast, Asian facilities—mainly Japanese—displayed a wide variety of species.One possible reason for this is that bottlenosedolphins have been more successfully maintainedand bred than other species. Europe has a history ofimporting and trying to maintain and breed as manyas 12 species of cetaceans (Collet, 1984); however,the present regulations of many European countrieslimit or forbid the capture of additional animals fromthe wild. This makes the replacement of animals difficultand, therefore, promotes breeding and goodhusbandry. In Asia, capture and trade is not as wellregulatedor limited. This makes their acquisitionof animals easier. Moreover, Asian exhibits are stillgreatly oriented toward the display of a collectionof several species rather than a socially stable groupof any given species. This is a possible explanationfor the difference in species variety between Europeand Asia. Many animals from a variety of speciesthat were rescued from strandings are not released.Cetaceans have been part of Asian life, especiallyin Japan, for a long time—more for whaling purposesthan for entertainment and wildlife education.Public perception of cetaceans is slowly changing,as shown by the development of whale-watchingand the creation of numerous SWTD programmesin this country (Dudzinski, 1998). At the same time,the integration of husbandry training is progressivelyorienting facilities toward the sustainable managementof stable groups.Surface Area and Volume of Water per Animal inArtificial and Natural FacilitiesThe survey data provided information on pool andenclosure dimensions as well as the number of animals.It seemed relevant to determine the averagesurface area (water surface) and volume of waterwith which each animal is provided. Although thesample of natural facilities is small, it provided agood means for comparison with artificial facilities.Surface areas and volumes of all pools havebeen combined, which does not really reflect thereality because the animals are seldom evenlydistributed and not all of the pools are availableat any one time. Furthermore, social hierarchiesmight also restrict the space available for individualanimals. These theoretical maximum surfaceareas and volume of water available give a generalised,but still useful, picture of the differencesbetween artificial and natural facilities.Surface Area per Animal—The surface areais defined as the water surface available to theanimals. In sampled artificial facilities (n = 32),the median surface area/animal was 90.5 m 2
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7. Food and Fish House 365in its se
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7. Food and Fish House 367establish
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7. Food and Fish House 369Figure 7.
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8. Husbandry 373Figure 8.3. Milk sa
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8. Husbandry 375reintroducing a new
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8. Husbandry 377Rescue and Rehabili
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8. Husbandry 379Appendix II include
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8. Husbandry 381& R. J. Harrison (E
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Appendix 383Dolphinarium YaltaDolph
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Appendix 385Aomori Prefectural Asam
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