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Parents living elsewhereGeneral questions about parents not living in the samehousehold as the study child were asked in all three wavesof the study. Moreover, wave 3 included for the first timequestions about the relationship between the primarycarer of the child and the parent living elsewhere. Thesequestions will continue in wave 4.The ABS (2011b) reports that, in 2009–10, one in fiveAustralian children aged 0 to 17 years (21 per cent of allchildren) had a natural parent living somewhere else. Inwave 3 of Footprints in Time, 493 children (35.1 per centof the sample) had a natural parent who was not living inthe same household (Table 18). This number was relativelyconstant across cohorts: 34.4 per cent of the B cohortand 36 per cent of the K cohort fell into this category.Information about parents living elsewhere was availablefor 335 children, or 68.0 per cent of children who had aparent not living in the same household.Table 18: Natural parents living elsewhereWave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3N per cent N per cent N per centStudy child has a natural parent living elsewhere, by cohortB cohort 247 25.9 325 37.4 280 34.4K cohort 225 31.4 268 40.9 216 36.0Both cohorts 472 28.3 593 38.9 493 35.1Information about parent living elsewhere is availableB cohort 246 -- 235 72.3 191 68.2K cohort 224 -- 189 70.5 144 66.7Both cohorts 470 -- 424 71.5 335 68.0Note:Wave 1 data should be interpreted with caution, since the questions on natural parents living elsewhere were refused by37.5 per cent of primary carers. In wave 2, the question order was reversed so that primary carers were asked about theexistence of a parent living elsewhere before permission was sought to ask for further information about them.Figure 12: Type of natural parent living elsewhere, by cohort, per cent30 Footprints in Time: The Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children | Key Summary Report from Wave 3
For most children living away from a parent (90 to97 per cent of the children for whom information on theparent was available), the parent living elsewhere was thefather (Figure 12). It became more common for the motheronly or both the mother and father to live elsewhere aschildren grew up. This is evidenced both by the higherproportions of mothers living elsewhere for the childrenin the K cohort and by the increasing incidence of suchcases in wave 3 compared to wave 2.Of the 61 children who lived away from their mothers atwave 3 and whose primary carers provided informationabout the mothers, almost one-third (32.8 per cent) hadcontact with their mother at least once a week and aboutone-fifth (21 per cent) had no contact at all. Among the309 children whose fathers lived elsewhere and whoseprimary carers provided information about father, about40 per cent had at least weekly contact with the father,and 21.7 per cent had no contact at all. Furthermore, ofthe children who had any contact with their mother livingelsewhere (49 cases), half never stayed overnight with themother, while in the case of fathers living elsewhere buthaving some form of contact with the child (239 cases),61.5 per cent did have the child stay overnight.The primary carers of children who had a parent livingelsewhere were also asked, for the first time in wave 3,about their relationship with the other parent. Thisinformation is summarised in Table 19. While 15.6 per centof primary carers did not discuss the upbringing of thestudy child with the parent living somewhere else (ordid not have contact with that parent), 45.8 per centof primary carers were generally in agreement with theparent living elsewhere about the way the child was to bebrought up, and 46.8 per cent of primary carers did notnormally find it hard to talk to that parent.Table 19: Relationship between primary carer and parent living elsewhere, per centRelationship between primary carer and parent living elsewhereFrequencyDisagree aboutbringing up the child Have big fights Hard to talkNever/almost never 32.3 47.7 35.3Rarely 13.5 20.1 11.5Sometimes 17.0 19.1 15.0Often 13.2 8.1 9.1Always/almost always 8.3 4.9 14.0Not applicable 15.6* - 15.0**Number of respondents 288 283 286*The primary carer did not discuss the upbringing of the study child with the parent living elsewhere.**The primary carer did not have contact with the parent living elsewhere.Footprints in Time: The Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children | Key Summary Report from Wave 331
Page 2 and 3: The Footprints in Time team acknowl
Page 5 and 6: ContentsForeword 6Introduction 7Imp
Page 7 and 8: Culture and community 53Neighbourho
Page 9 and 10: IntroductionFootprints in Time is t
Page 11 and 12: AANNUAL UPDATEIt’s a child’s li
Page 13 and 14: Table 2: Type of school attended by
Page 15 and 16: Figure 4: Average “Who Am I?” s
Page 17: Table 5: Persistence of concerns ab
Page 22: Dental healthAs they are growing up
Page 26 and 27: Table10: Percentage of children doi
Page 28 and 29: Table 12: Percentage of children do
Page 30 and 31: Table 14: Changes in family type of
Page 34 and 35: Primary carers of children who did
Page 36 and 37: Figure 14: Most common reasons for
Page 38 and 39: HomelessnessOn any given day, nearl
Page 40 and 41: For 77.0 per cent of respondents th
Page 42 and 43: Jobless and two-earner familiesIf w
Page 44 and 45: Income and financeThe Footprints in
Page 46 and 47: Income managementIn all three waves
Page 48 and 49: Table 33: Family money situation in
Page 50 and 51: Primary carer health and wellbeingE
Page 52 and 53: Parental warmth and disciplineIn wa
Page 54 and 55: Questions about a list of major lif
Page 56 and 57: Table 40 shows the relative distrib
Page 58 and 59: in areas of low or moderate isolati
Page 60 and 61: It is also important to consider th
Page 62 and 63: The degree of trust respondents had
Page 64 and 65: Parent and child directed activitie
Page 66 and 67: Table 52: Level of television viewi
Page 68 and 69: With the exception of storytelling,
Page 70 and 71: Children in areas of high or extrem
Page 72 and 73: Nevertheless, cards was the form of
Page 74 and 75: Social and emotional development:In
Page 76 and 77: The prosocial scores were significa
Page 78 and 79: In wave 3, teacher-based SDQ scores
Page 80 and 81: English language acquisition: relat
Page 82 and 83:
Using the MacArthur Bates vocabular
Page 84 and 85:
Mothers’ educational aspirations
Page 86 and 87:
curriculum, stable schooling (only
Page 89 and 90:
Appendix ABackground to the studyCo
Page 91 and 92:
Other participant interviewsIn addi
Page 93 and 94:
Table 71: Percentage of wave 1 resp
Page 95 and 96:
Access to the dataThe dataset used
Page 97 and 98:
ReferencesAustralian Bureau of Stat
Page 100:
FAHCSIA11828
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