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Jobless and two-earner familiesIf we take into account the employment status of boththe primary carer and their partner (if they have one),analysis shows that at the time of the wave 3 interview46.0 per cent of study children lived in jobless families,most of these in families where the primary carer wassingle. As shown in Table 26, among children whoseprimary carer was partnered, 24.3 per cent lived in joblessfamilies, compared to 77.7 per cent of children whoseprimary carer was single. Interestingly, the joblessnessrate tended to be highest in the areas with low relativeisolation, particularly for the families where the primarycarer was partnered (Table 27). It should be noted,however, that the study children, especially in the B cohort,are still young, and the unpartnered parent will not besubject to labour force participation requirements untiltheir youngest child turns 6 13 .Of the 1,404 children in wave 3 of the Footprints in Timesurvey, 273 lived in families where both the primary carerand the carer’s partner were employed. This comprisedone-third of families where the primary carer waspartnered and just under 20 per cent of all families. Theproportion of two-earner families was slightly higher for thechildren in the K cohort (37 per cent of families where theprimary carer was partnered, as opposed to 31 per centin the B cohort), and in areas with no relative isolation(40 per cent for families where the primary carer waspartnered, compared with 27 to 32 per cent for families inother areas).Data identifying children in jobless households may beused for further research to examine the comparativeoutcomes for children based on the employment status oftheir primary carers.Table 26: Proportion of study children living in jobless families, by primary carer’s partnership status and childcohort, per centChild cohortPrimary carer’s partnership statusB cohort K cohort Both cohortsPartnered jobless 24.3 24.3 24.3Unpartnered jobless 79.9 74.3 77.7Total jobless 47.4 44.0 46.0Note:A jobless family is defined as one where neither the primary carer nor their partner (if applicable) was employed at the time ofthe wave 3 interview.Table 27: Proportion of study children living in jobless families, by primary carer’s partnership status and LORI, per centLORIPrimary carer’spartnership statusNone Low ModerateHigh orextremeAll locationsPartnered jobless 17.2 29.8 25.0 20.6 24.3Unpartnered jobless 74.6 80.2 71.4 77.8 77.7Total jobless 37.2 53.8 42.5 35.5 46.0Note:A jobless family is defined as one where neither the primary carer nor their partner (if applicable) was employed at the time ofthe wave 3 interview.13 Parents may be eligible to receive Parenting Payment until their child turns 8 years of age (if single) or 6 years of age (if partnered). Recipients of theParenting Payment (single) have compulsory part-time labour force participation requirements from the time their youngest child turns 6. Part-timeparticipation requirements may involve undertaking paid work or study (or a combination of the two) for at least 30 hours a fortnight, looking for apart-time job, participating in employment services or undertaking work experience (Centrelink 2012).40 Footprints in Time: The Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children | Key Summary Report from Wave 3
Parental leaveFor the first time in wave 3, primary carers were askedquestions about parental leave provisions in their currentjob, as well as the history of parental leave taken aroundthe time of the child’s birth 14 .Of the 36.5 per cent of birth parents who were employedwhile they (or the child’s birth mother) were pregnantwith the study child, just over one half (54.1 per cent) tooksome form of leave for the birth of the child (Table 28).Table 29 shows the proportions of birth parents returning tothe job they were employed in around the time of child’sbirth and the length of time between the birth of the childand the return to work. Just over one-fifth of parents whotook leave did not return to the job they were employedin at the time of the child’s birth. This proportion was almosttwice as high for parents who took unpaid leave comparedto parents who took paid parental leave (30.4 per cent and15.5 per cent respectively). Of the parents who took paidparental leave, almost two in three (64.1 per cent) returnedto the job within a year of the child’s birth.Table 28: Parental leave history of birth parent around the time of the child’s birth, per centBoth cohortsPer cent of birth parents who had a job while pregnant with study child 36.2Of parents who had a job when pregnant with study child: n=438Took paid maternity/paternity leave 32.9Took unpaid leave 21.2Did not qualify for leave 16.0There was no leave available 14.6Left or resigned from their work prior to the birth* 11.8Other 4.3* This response was coded based on the birth parents’ free-text responses.Table 29 Primary carers returning from leave taken around the time of the child’s birth, by type of leave, per centLength of leaveTook paidparental leave Took unpaid leave Took any leaveReturned to the same job within 3 months 9.2 15.2 11.7Returned to the same job after 3 but before6 months (12 weeks to 25 weeks)Returned to the same job after 6 but before12 months (26 weeks to 51 weeks)18.3 16.3 17.036.6 23.9 31.3Returned to the same job after 12 months or more 20.4 14.1 18.3Not returned 15.5 30.4 21.7Number of respondents 142 92 23014 The questions about parental leave taken around the time of the child’s birth were only asked if the primary carer was the child’s birth mother orbirth father.Footprints in Time: The Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children | Key Summary Report from Wave 341
Page 2 and 3: The Footprints in Time team acknowl
Page 5 and 6: ContentsForeword 6Introduction 7Imp
Page 7 and 8: Culture and community 53Neighbourho
Page 9 and 10: IntroductionFootprints in Time is t
Page 11 and 12: AANNUAL UPDATEIt’s a child’s li
Page 13 and 14: Table 2: Type of school attended by
Page 15 and 16: Figure 4: Average “Who Am I?” s
Page 17: Table 5: Persistence of concerns ab
Page 22: Dental healthAs they are growing up
Page 26 and 27: Table10: Percentage of children doi
Page 28 and 29: Table 12: Percentage of children do
Page 30 and 31: Table 14: Changes in family type of
Page 32 and 33: Parents living elsewhereGeneral que
Page 34 and 35: Primary carers of children who did
Page 36 and 37: Figure 14: Most common reasons for
Page 38 and 39: HomelessnessOn any given day, nearl
Page 40 and 41: For 77.0 per cent of respondents th
Page 44 and 45: Income and financeThe Footprints in
Page 46 and 47: Income managementIn all three waves
Page 48 and 49: Table 33: Family money situation in
Page 50 and 51: Primary carer health and wellbeingE
Page 52 and 53: Parental warmth and disciplineIn wa
Page 54 and 55: Questions about a list of major lif
Page 56 and 57: Table 40 shows the relative distrib
Page 58 and 59: in areas of low or moderate isolati
Page 60 and 61: It is also important to consider th
Page 62 and 63: The degree of trust respondents had
Page 64 and 65: Parent and child directed activitie
Page 66 and 67: Table 52: Level of television viewi
Page 68 and 69: With the exception of storytelling,
Page 70 and 71: Children in areas of high or extrem
Page 72 and 73: Nevertheless, cards was the form of
Page 74 and 75: Social and emotional development:In
Page 76 and 77: The prosocial scores were significa
Page 78 and 79: In wave 3, teacher-based SDQ scores
Page 80 and 81: English language acquisition: relat
Page 82 and 83: Using the MacArthur Bates vocabular
Page 84 and 85: Mothers’ educational aspirations
Page 86 and 87: curriculum, stable schooling (only
Page 89 and 90: Appendix ABackground to the studyCo
Page 91 and 92: Other participant interviewsIn addi
Page 93 and 94:
Table 71: Percentage of wave 1 resp
Page 95 and 96:
Access to the dataThe dataset used
Page 97 and 98:
ReferencesAustralian Bureau of Stat
Page 100:
FAHCSIA11828
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